1. What will be the buoyant force acting on the stone, on being immersed in water, if it displaces 100gms of water?
Buoyant Force = Weight of Water Displaced
Stone displaces 100 g of water.
Therefore, Buoyant Force = 100 gram-weight (gf).
Ans: 100 gf
2. What is the net magnetic field in a solenoid?
The net magnetic field inside a solenoid is given by the vector sum of the fields due to all the turns of the solenoid.
In a solenoid, each turn of the wire generates a magnetic field, and the magnetic fields from all the turns add up to produce a stronger net magnetic field inside the solenoid.
3. What is the ratio of the change in collector current to the change in base current at a constant collector-emitter voltage, when the common emitter transistor is in active state, known as?
The current amplification factor, denoted by β (beta), is a key parameter of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) that measures its efficiency in amplifying current. It is defined as:
β=ΔIc/ΔIB
where:
• ΔIc is the change in collector current.
• ΔIB is the change in base current.
This factor indicates how much the collector current increases for a given increase in the base current, while keeping the collector-emitter voltage (VCE) constant.
4. What is the relationship between bond energy and bond length?
Generally, as the bond length between two atoms increases, the bond energy decreases.
This is because longer bonds indicate that the atoms are further apart, resulting in weaker interactions and a lower energy required to break the bond.
In contrast, shorter bonds are stronger and require more energy to break, leading to higher bond energy.
5. Which one of the following cultivation is related to Floriculture?
Floriculture is indeed a branch of biology focused on the cultivation and study of ornamental flowers and plants.
It encompasses various aspects, including the breeding, growing, and marketing of flowers and decorative plants.
6. Downy mildew disease is caused by which of the following?
Downy mildew disease is caused by a fungus. Specifically, it is caused by various species of the Oomycete group, which are fungal-like organisms.
These pathogens affect a range of plants, leading to characteristic symptoms such as yellowing and downy growth on the undersides of leaves.
7. Which of the following is not a type of fertilization?
Plant fertilization, the types are:
Porogamy: Fertilization occurs through the micropyle (the opening of the ovule).
Chalazogamy: Fertilization occurs through the chalaza (the base of the ovule).
Mesogamy: Fertilization occurs through the middle of the ovule.
Gynogamy is not a recognized type of fertilization in plants.
8. Which of the following cells is involved in cell-mediated immunity?
T-cells are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity. They play a crucial role in recognizing and responding to infected cells, cancer cells, and foreign pathogens.
B-cells, on the other hand, are mainly involved in humoral immunity, which involves the production of antibodies to neutralize pathogens.
Mast cells are involved in allergic responses and do not play a direct role in cell-mediated immunity.
9. Which chemical fertilizer is needed for better rhizobial nitrogen fixation?
Phosphorus is the chemical fertilizer needed for better rhizobial nitrogen fixation.
Phosphorus is essential for the development and functioning of the rhizobium bacteria in legumes, which are responsible for fixing atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants.
Adequate phosphorus helps enhance the efficiency of this process, leading to improved plant growth and yield.
10. How many canine teeth does an adult human have?
An adult human has 4 canine teeth. These are located in the upper and lower jaws, with one canine tooth on each side of the mouth, both in the upper and lower jaws.
An adult human typically has 32 teeth, including the canines. Canines, also known as cuspids, are located at the corners of the dental arches. They play a crucial role in tearing food due to their sharp, pointed edges. There are four canine teeth in total: two in the upper jaw and two in the lower jaw.
11. Stem is usually _____:
Tropism refers to the growth movement of a plant in response to an environmental stimulus. Here's a brief summary:
Phototropism: Growth response to light. Stems typically exhibit positive phototropism (grow towards light), while roots often show negative phototropism (grow away from light).
Geotropism (or gravitropism): Growth response to gravity. Roots generally exhibit positive geotropism (grow towards gravity), while stems show negative geotropism (grow away from gravity).
These tropic responses help plants optimize their exposure to light and nutrients.
12. If xylem and phloem are arranged in the same radius, such a vascular bundle is called ____:
In a collateral vascular bundle, the xylem and phloem are arranged side by side along the same radius.
The xylem is typically positioned towards the inner side (central axis), while the phloem is on the outer side.
This arrangement can be classified as either open (where there is a cambium layer between xylem and phloem allowing for secondary growth) or closed (without a cambium layer).
The term "collateral" is also synonymous with "conjoint" in this context.
13. Deficiency of which of the following nutrients is the most common cause of goiters?
A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can cause swelling in the neck.
It often results from iodine deficiency, as iodine is crucial for the production of thyroid hormones. When the body doesn't get enough iodine, the thyroid gland can become enlarged to try and compensate for the lack of hormones.
The term "goitre" originates from the Latin word "gutturia," meaning throat.
14. Which one of the following parts of the human brain is the regulating centre for swallowing and vomiting?
The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, controls vital autonomic functions such as vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
It plays a crucial role in maintaining basic physiological processes essential for survival, including regulating heart rate and breathing.
15. Which of the following does not increase when we move from left to right along a period in the periodic table?
When moving from left to right along a period in the periodic table:
Oxidising Power of Elements: Increases because elements become more reactive as oxidizing agents.
Electronegativity: Increases because atoms attract electrons more strongly.
Non-metallic Character: Increases because elements become more non-metallic (more likely to gain electrons).
Reducing Power: Decreases because elements become less likely to donate electrons as reducing agents.
16. What is the value of Triple point of water?
The triple point of water is indeed 273.16 K. This is the temperature at which water can exist simultaneously in its solid, liquid, and gaseous states.
The Kelvin scale is the SI unit for temperature, starting from absolute zero.
17. What is the relationship between the frequency and the pitch of a sound wave?
The brain interprets the frequency of a sound wave as its pitch.
Higher frequencies result in higher pitches because the vibrations occur more rapidly, which the auditory system perceives as a higher pitch. Conversely, lower frequencies produce lower pitches with slower vibrations.
18. What is meant by Atomic number of an atom?
The atomic number of an atom is defined as the total number of protons in its nucleus. In an uncharged atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons, so the atomic number also represents the number of electrons.
The atomic number, or proton number, indicates the number of protons in an atom's nucleus and, for uncharged atoms, also equals the number of electrons. This number uniquely identifies each element and determines its position in the periodic table.
19. Which of the following represents the Snell’s law?
Snell’s Law is represented by the equation:
Sinθ1/sinθ2=v1/v2=constant
where:
• θ1 is the angle of incidence
• θ2 is the angle of refraction
• v1 and v2 are the velocities of light in the two media.
20. What do we call the region of space around the nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is maximum?
The term orbital refers to the specific region around the nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron.
The electron cloud represents the overall distribution of these orbitals and their electron densities around the nucleus.
21. In which of the following pairs is the repulsion greatest as per the VSEPR Theory?
According to the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory, the repulsion between electron pairs in a molecule can be ranked as follows:
Lone pair – Lone pair: Greatest repulsion
Lone pair – Bond pair: Intermediate repulsion
Bond pair – Bond pair: Least repulsion
22. Which of the following is NOT correct about the force of interaction between two poles of a magnet, as per coulomb’s law?
According to Coulomb’s law for magnetic poles, the force of interaction between two magnetic poles is:
Directly proportional to the product of the pole strengths.
Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the poles.
So, it is actually inversely proportional to the square of the distance, not directly proportional.
23. What is the sum of powers of the concentration of the reactants called as?
The sum of the powers of the concentration of the reactants in a rate equation is called the Order of reaction. It provides information about how the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of reactants.
The order of a chemical reaction is determined by the sum of the exponents (powers) of the concentrations of the reactants in the rate law expression. It indicates how the rate of the reaction changes with changes in the concentration of reactants.
24. The Lanthanoids are part of which of the following block of elements in the periodic table?
They are also known as the lanthanide series and are characterized by their filling of the 4f orbitals.
The lanthanoids form a series of 15 metallic elements with atomic numbers ranging from 57 (Lanthanum) to 71 (Lutetium). They are located in the f-block of the periodic table, specifically filling the 4f orbitals.
25. What percentage of carbon is present in steel?
Steel is primarily an alloy of iron with carbon as the main alloying element, usually present in concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 2.1% by weight.
This range influences the steel's properties significantly, including its hardness and strength. Besides carbon, steel may also include other elements like manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten, which further enhance its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
26. Which branch of biology is known for the study of developmental process of organisms?
Evolution is indeed a branch of biology that deals with how species change over time and the relationships between different species, but the specific study of developmental processes of organisms is known as Embryology.
Evolutionary theory, such as that proposed by Charles Darwin, explains how species evolve over generations through natural selection.
27. Which of the following is the largest practical unit of mass?
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<p>The Chandrasekhar Limit (C.S.L) is approximately 1.44 times the mass of the Sun and represents the maximum mass a white dwarf star can have while remaining stable.</p>
<p>Beyond this limit, the electron degeneracy pressure cannot counteract gravity, leading to the star's collapse into a neutron star or black hole.</p>
<p>This critical threshold was derived by physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar in 1930, using principles from quantum mechanics and relativity.</p>
<p>The limit is named in his honor and is fundamental in understanding the lifecycle of white dwarf stars.</p>
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28. How many groups of p–block elements are there in the periodic table?
The p-block elements occupy the rightmost section of the periodic table, encompassing groups 13 to 18. This block includes elements where the highest-energy electrons occupy the p-orbitals. The p-block spans six groups:
Group 13 (boron group)
Group 14 (carbon group)
Group 15 (nitrogen group)
Group 16 (oxygen group)
Group 17 (halogens)
Group 18 (noble gases)
These elements exhibit a wide range of properties and are crucial in various chemical processes and applications. The p-block is notable for containing nonmetals, metalloids, and metals.
29. How do small molecules pass through the outer membrane of mitochondria?
The outer membrane of mitochondria contains protein structures called porins, which form channels that make the membrane permeable to molecules of about 10 kilodaltons or less.
These channels allow the free passage of small molecules, such as ions and metabolites, facilitating their movement into and out of the mitochondrion.
30. What does a plant need to survive?
Plants require sunshine for photosynthesis, nutrients for growth, and water for vital processes.
They produce food through photosynthesis, offer medicinal properties, and provide materials for shelter. Additionally, plants release oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis, essential for human and animal respiration, sustaining life on Earth.
31. The bladder is lined with __ epithelium.
The bladder's lining is unique, featuring transitional epithelium, which stretches significantly to hold varying urine volumes.
This epithelium also protects underlying tissues from the acidic or alkaline nature of urine, preventing damage and maintaining the bladder's structural integrity and function.
32. To digest protein which of the enzyme is present in pancreatic juice?
Trypsin is a proteolytic enzyme crucial for protein digestion. Produced by the pancreas in an inactive form called trypsinogen, it is transported to the small intestine via the common bile duct.
In the small intestine, trypsinogen is activated into trypsin by the enzyme enteropeptidase. Active trypsin then breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, continuing the digestive process initiated by pepsin in the stomach.
By cleaving peptide bonds, trypsin enables the absorption of amino acids and smaller peptides, essential for various bodily functions, including tissue repair and enzyme synthesis.
This mechanism ensures efficient protein digestion and nutrient absorption.
33. Which type of pathogen causes the water-borne disease Dysentery?
Dysentery is an intestinal infection causing severe diarrhea with blood.
Bacterial dysentery stems from Shigella, Campylobacter, Salmonella, or enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Shigella infection, or shigellosis, and amebic dysentery, usually due to Entamoeba histolytica, often arise from poor sanitation and contaminated food or water.
34. In which of the following organs of human body are carbohydrates stored as glycogen?
For individuals with a balanced diet and no metabolic disorders, excess dietary carbohydrates are converted into glycogen by the liver.
This complex carbohydrate is stored primarily in the liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen serves as a secondary energy source, supplementing freely circulating blood glucose. When blood glucose levels drop, such as between meals or during physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose and released into the bloodstream to maintain energy levels.
This storage mechanism helps ensure a steady supply of glucose for energy, supporting various bodily functions and maintaining metabolic balance.
35. “All the plants and animals are composed of cells and the cell is the basic unit of life”. The given statement is for which of the following theories?
Cell theory, established by Schleiden and Schwann in 1839, asserts that all organisms consist of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of structure and function.
It also states that all cells arise from pre-existing cells, making them the essential building blocks or basic units of life.
36. Conglobate gland is a leaf like structure found in ____:
The conglobate gland in male cockroaches is a leaf-like, median, unbranched gland located below the ejaculatory duct.
It opens into the genital pouch near the male genital aperture, contributing to the formation of the spermatophore and playing a role in reproduction.
37. Whip smut of sugarcane is caused by which of the following?
Ustilago scitaminea causes whip smut disease in sugarcane, where the fungus primarily infects and grows within the meristematic tissues of the plant.
These tissues are crucial for the plant’s growth and development, so infection leads to the formation of whip-like structures covered with fungal spores.
This disrupts the plant's normal growth, affecting its health and productivity. Effective management strategies, such as using resistant varieties and applying appropriate fungicides, are essential to control and mitigate the impact of whip smut on sugarcane crops.
38. PVC is a polymer of__?
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is synthesized from the monomer vinyl chloride (CH₂=CHCl).
It is widely used in manufacturing raincoats, handbags, toys, electrical goods, and as insulation for electrical wires due to its durability, flexibility, and resistance to moisture and chemicals.
39. A treatment with which among the following plant hormones would prevent water loss from the plant leaves, by reducing transpiration, in times of low water availability?
Abscisic acid (ABA) helps conserve water in plants during drought conditions by triggering stomatal closure. This reduces transpiration, the process of water loss through leaves.
By controlling the opening and closing of stomata, ABA minimizes water loss and helps the plant retain moisture during periods of low water availability.
40. What is the S.I. unit of power of a lens?
The power of a lens is measured in dioptres (D), and it is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length (f) in meters:
Power = 1/𝑓 (in meters)
So, if the focal length of the lens is in meters, the power is expressed in dioptres. For example, a lens with a focal length of 0.5 meters has a power of 2 dioptres.
41. What type of stem is a rhizome?
Rhizomes are underground stems that exhibit the following characteristics:
Non-green: Rhizomes typically lack chlorophyll and are not green.
Distinct nodes and internodes: They have clear segments where roots and shoots emerge.
Auxiliary and apical buds: These buds facilitate new growth and vegetative reproduction.
Brownish color: They often appear brown due to their underground location and role in storage.
These features help rhizomes in storing nutrients and aiding in vegetative propagation.
42. Salamander belongs to which of the following class?
Salamanders belong to the class Amphibia and the group Lissamphibia. Amphibians typically have complex life cycles, transitioning between aquatic and terrestrial environments.
They often begin life in water as larvae and later develop into land-dwelling adults, reflecting their dual habitat adaptations and diverse life stages.
43. What are the characteristics of Caecilian?
Caecilians are a group of tropical amphibians known for their unique features:
Eyes may be covered by skin or even bone: Their eyes are often poorly developed or covered.
Tropical amphibians: They are found mainly in tropical regions.
They have no arms or legs: Caecilians are limbless and have elongated, worm-like bodies.
44. Ascaris and Wuchereria are examples of which of the following phylum?
The phylum Nematoda, which includes organisms like Ascaris and Wuchereria, comprises roundworms with the following characteristics:
Bilateral symmetry: Their bodies are symmetrical along a single plane.
Triploblastic: They have three germ layers—ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Cylindrical shape: Their bodies are elongated and tapered at both ends.
Nematodes exhibit a range of ecological roles and include many parasitic species.
45. A hibernating frog respires with__.
In hibernating frogs, cutaneous respiration (through the skin) is the primary method of gas exchange due to their low metabolic rates.
While pulmonary respiration (through the lungs) is common when they are active, during hibernation, the skin serves as the main site for oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release.
46. How many sense organs in the human body are there ?
The five primary sense organs in the human body are:
Eyes for sight
Ears for hearing
Nose for smell
Tongue for taste
Skin for touch
These sense organs help us perceive and interact with our environment.
47. Which of the following diseases has been eradicated worldwide?
Smallpox, caused by the variola virus, was a highly contagious and deadly disease. The last natural case was indeed in Somalia in 1977.
The global eradication campaign, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), successfully eliminated the disease by 1980. This remains one of the greatest achievements in public health.
48. The non-green heterotrophic plants of plant kingdom are ____:
Heterotrophic nutrition is a mode of nutrition where organisms, such as animals and fungi, cannot produce their own food and rely on other organisms for nutrients.
Animals are heterotrophic and depend on plants or other animals for food.
Fungi are also heterotrophic and non-chlorophyllous (lack chlorophyll), so they cannot perform photosynthesis.
Instead, they decompose organic matter to obtain nutrients.
Fungi are classified separately from animals despite their similar heterotrophic mode of nutrition. They form their own kingdom, distinct from plants and animals, due to differences in their structure and reproduction.
49. What is the chemical symbol for silver?
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<li>The chemical symbol for silver is <strong>Ag</strong>, which is derived from the Latin word <em>argentum</em>.</li>
<li><strong>Si</strong> is the symbol for silicon.</li>
<li><strong>Sv</strong> is not a recognized chemical symbol.</li>
<li><strong>Au</strong> is the symbol for gold, derived from the Latin word <em>aurum</em>.</li>
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50. Which of the following is considered as the powerhouse of an animal cell?
<p><strong>Mitochondria</strong> are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell because they are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy currency of the cell.</p>
51. What is the function of red blood cells (RBC) ?
Red Blood Cells (RBCs), also called erythrocytes, contain a red pigment called hemoglobin.
Hemoglobin binds with oxygen in the lungs and carries it to all parts of the body.
RBCs then carry carbon dioxide (CO₂) back from tissues to the lungs for exhalation.
Function of RBCs = Transport of oxygen (and partly CO₂).
52. What type of lens is used in microscopes ?
Microscopes use convex lenses to magnify small objects. These lenses converge light rays to form an enlarged image. Both objective and eyepiece lenses in microscopes are convex for magnification.
Microscopes use convex lenses to magnify tiny objects.
53. Which part of the cell is called the powerhouse ?
Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of the cell because they produce energy (ATP) through respiration. This energy is used by the cell for all its vital activities and functions..
54. Which law states "Every action has equal and opposite reaction"?
Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. It explains how forces always act in pairs - action and reaction forces.
55. Which part of the body is affected by jaundice ?
Jaundice affects the liver and causes yellowing of skin and eyes due to excess bilirubin in the blood. It indicates improper liver function or blockage in bile flow..
56. Which element is essential for the formation of bones and teeth ?
Calcium is essential for the formation and strength of bones and teeth. It also helps in muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting, making it a vital body mineral..
57. Which part of the human eye controls the amount of light entering it ?
The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the pupil size. It contracts in bright light and expands in dim light to regulate light entry..
58. Which part of the brain controls balance of the body ?
The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, coordinates body movements, posture, and balance, ensuring smooth, controlled motions. Other parts like cerebrum and medulla have different functions..
59. Which mineral deficiency causes goitre ?
Iodine deficiency reduces thyroid hormone production, causing the thyroid gland to enlarge, leading to goitre. Iron, calcium, and sodium deficiencies do not directly cause goitre..
60. Which element is used in pencil lead ?
Pencil "lead" is actually graphite, a form of carbon. It leaves marks on paper due to its softness. Real lead is toxic and not used in pencils..
61. Which gas is used in refrigerators ?
Freon is a refrigerant gas used in refrigerators and air conditioners. It absorbs and releases heat efficiently, enabling cooling. Other gases like nitrogen or methane are not used for refrigeration..
62. Which organ secretes insulin ?
The pancreas produces insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Liver, kidney, and spleen have different functions and do not secrete insulin..
63. Which process causes dew formation ?
Dew forms when water vapor in the air cools and condenses into liquid on surfaces. Evaporation, sublimation, and fusion are different processes not responsible for dew formation..
64. Which process converts solid directly into gas
Sublimation is the process where a solid changes directly into a gas without becoming a liquid. Examples include dry ice and naphthalene. Condensation, evaporation, and melting are different processes..
65. The study of fungi is called ?
The study of fungi is called mycology. Botany studies plants, zoology studies animals, and bacteriology studies bacteria. Mycology focuses on fungi like mushrooms, yeast, and molds..
66. What is the pH value of pure water ?
Pure water has a neutral pH of 7 at 25°C. pH below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic. It indicates neutral hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentration..
67. Which gas is used in the purification of drinking water ?
Chlorine is used to purify drinking water by killing harmful bacteria and microorganisms. Oxygen, nitrogen, and helium do not disinfect water effectively. Chlorination ensures safe, potable water..
68. Which organ purifies blood by removing urea ?
The kidneys filter blood, removing urea and other waste products to form urine. The liver, heart, and lungs have different functions and do not remove urea directly..
69. Which mirror is used in vehicle headlights ?
Concave mirrors are used in vehicle headlights because they converge light rays to form a powerful, focused beam, illuminating the road ahead. Convex, plane, and parabolic mirrors serve different purposes..
70. Which organ produces bile juice?
The liver produces bile juice, which helps in digestion and emulsification of fats. The gall bladder stores bile, pancreas produces digestive enzymes, and the stomach secretes acid and enzymes..
71. Which gas turns lime water milky ?
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) reacts with lime water (Ca(OH)₂) to form calcium carbonate, turning it milky. Oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen do not produce this reaction..
72. Which part of the plant is known as the 'food factory' ?
The leaf is called the food factory of the plant because it performs photosynthesis, converting sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (food). Roots, stem, and flowers have other functions..
73. Which vitamin is called "Sunshine Vitamin" ?
Vitamin D is called the “Sunshine Vitamin” because the skin synthesizes it when exposed to sunlight. It helps in calcium absorption and strengthening bones. Other vitamins have different functions..
74. Which metal is present in hemoglobin ?
Hemoglobin contains iron, which binds oxygen and transports it in the blood. Copper, calcium, and zinc are important for other functions but do not carry oxygen in hemoglobin..
75. The study of earthquakes is called
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. Geology studies the Earth broadly, ecology studies organisms and their environment, and crystallography studies crystal structures..