1. Acromegaly is condition of
<p>Acromegaly is a condition caused by the hypersecretion of growth hormone, typically due to a benign tumor on the pituitary gland.</p>
<p>This leads to abnormal growth of bones and tissues, often resulting in enlarged hands, feet, and facial features.</p>
2. Size of Virus
<p>Viruses are indeed very small, typically ranging from <strong>20–200 nm</strong> in size, but some can exceed <strong>1000 nm</strong> in length.</p>
<p>In comparison, bacteria are much larger, generally measuring <strong>2–3 μm</strong> (micrometers) in length, and eukaryotic cells are even larger, with diameters ranging from <strong>10–30 μm</strong>.</p>
<p>This size difference highlights the distinct biological structures and classifications among viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotic cells.</p>
3. The anterior lobes of pituitary gland releases hormones called
<p>The <strong>anterior</strong> lobes of the pituitary gland release hormones called <strong>tropin</strong>s, which stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones. Examples include thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).</p>
4. The glands which release oil on skin
<p><strong>Sebaceous Glands:</strong></p>
<p>Sebaceous glands are microscopic glands situated in the <strong>dermis</strong>, the second layer of the skin. They are typically located near <strong>hair follicles</strong>, with their ducts opening into the follicles. These glands are present throughout the body, except for areas such as the <strong>palms of the hands</strong> and <strong>soles of the feet</strong>, where hair follicles are absent.</p>
<p><strong>Function:</strong><br />These glands secrete an oily substance called <strong>sebum</strong>, which plays a crucial role in lubricating and protecting the skin and hair, helping to prevent dryness and maintain a healthy skin barrier.</p>
5. A pea sized gland below the brain is Hypothesis Thyroid Medula
<p>The <strong>hypothalamus</strong> is a small, pea-sized gland located below the brain, specifically beneath the thalamus and above the brainstem.</p>
<p>It plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and the hormonal activities of the pituitary gland.</p>
6. SARS is defined as
<p><strong>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)</strong> is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).</p>
<p>It first emerged in 2002 and led to a global outbreak, characterized by symptoms such as high fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. SARS can be severe and may lead to pneumonia or respiratory failure.</p>
7. Fungi, pick the odd
<p><strong>Mushrooms</strong> and <strong>yeast</strong> are both types of fungi, while <strong>amoeba</strong> is a single-celled organism classified as a protist.</p>
8. The Delivery of baby is because of stimulating
<p><strong>Oxytocin</strong> is a hormone that stimulates uterine contractions during labor, facilitating the delivery of the baby.</p>
9. The glands which release tears from eyes
<p>These glands are responsible for producing tears, which help to lubricate and protect the eyes. </p>
10. The chemical bonds that exists between monosaccharides in a Di saccharides or in a Poly saccharidess are called
<p>These bonds form between monosaccharides when they join to create disaccharides or polysaccharides, linking the sugar units together.</p>
11. Protein Deficiency is called as
<p><strong>Kwashiorkor</strong> is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a deficiency of protein in the diet, often occurring in children who are weaned from breast milk to a diet that is insufficient in protein.</p>
12. Hypo secretion of growth hormone in adults leads to
<p>Hypo secretion of growth hormone in adults can lead to a condition known as <strong>dwarfism</strong>, which is characterized by short stature due to inadequate growth hormone levels. In children, a deficiency can lead to a type of dwarfism known as proportionate dwarfism.</p>
13. Virus that can integrate its genetic material with the host cell DNA called as
<p><strong>Lentiviruses</strong> are a subgroup of retroviruses capable of integrating their genetic material into the DNA of the host cell.</p>
<p>This characteristic allows them to persist within the host for a long time, contributing to chronic infections. </p>
14. Hypo secretion of growth hormone in children leads to
<p>Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood can lead to stunted growth and is a common cause of dwarfism.</p>
15. Intermediate lobe produces a hormone
<p>The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland produces MSH, which is involved in the regulation of skin pigmentation.</p>
16. Treatment for HIV patients is called as
<p>This treatment helps manage HIV infection by reducing the viral load in the body and improving the immune system's function.</p>
17. Proteins are the combination of
<p>These amino acids combine in various sequences to form different proteins, which play crucial roles in the body.</p>
18. Majority of Proteins in the body function as
<p><strong>Enzymes</strong> are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions in the body, playing a crucial role in metabolism and various physiological processes.</p>
19. Lack of carbohydrates leads to
<p><strong>Marasmus</strong> is a form of severe malnutrition characterized by a significant deficiency in caloric intake, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.</p>
20. Condition of loss of melanin in patches on the skin is
<p><strong>Leucodrema</strong> refers to the condition where there are patches of skin that lose their melanin, leading to lighter areas on the skin.</p>
<p>Albinism is a genetic condition characterized by a lack of melanin throughout the body, while albino typically refers to individuals with albinism.</p>
21. Largest Artery in human body –
<p>The <strong>aorta</strong> is the largest artery in the human body. It originates from the left ventricle of the heart and extends down to the abdomen, where it branches into the common iliac arteries.</p>
<p>The aorta is responsible for distributing oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body through its various branches.</p>
22. Number of Bone in Meta Tarsal
<p>Each foot has <strong>five metatarsal bones</strong>, making a total of <strong>ten metatarsal bones</strong> in both feet.</p>
23. Number of Bone in Upper Arm
<p>The upper arm has <strong>one bone</strong>, which is the <strong>humerus</strong>.</p>
<p>However, if you're considering the entire arm, including the forearm, there are <strong>two bones</strong> in the forearm: the <strong>radius</strong> and the <strong>ulna</strong>.</p>
<p> </p>
24. Number of Bone in Forearm
<p>The forearm contains <strong>two bones</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Radius</strong> - Located on the thumb side of the forearm.</li>
<li><strong>Ulna</strong> - Located on the opposite side, next to the little finger.</li>
</ol>
25. Number of Bone in 1 Wrist
<p>The number of bones in one wrist is <strong>8</strong>. These bones are known as the carpal bones, and they are arranged in two rows:</p>
<p><strong>Proximal row (lateral to medial):</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Scaphoid</li>
<li>Lunate</li>
<li>Triquetrum</li>
<li>Pisiform</li>
</ol>
<p><strong>Distal row (lateral to medial):</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Trapezium</li>
<li>Trapezoid</li>
<li>Capitate</li>
<li>Hamate</li>
</ol>
<p>Each wrist consists of these eight carpal bones.</p>
26. Number of Bone in Hind limb
<p>The hind limb of a human consists of <strong>30 bones</strong>. </p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Pelvis (2 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Hip bone (each side)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Thigh (1 bone)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Femur</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Knee (1 bone)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Patella (kneecap)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Leg (2 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Tibia (shin bone)</li>
<li>Fibula</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Ankle (7 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Tarsals (Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, and three Cuneiform bones)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Foot (14 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Metatarsals (5 bones)</li>
<li>Phalanges (toes; 14 bones total: 2 in the big toe and 3 in each of the other four toes)</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>This totals to 30 bones in the hind limb.</p>
27. Number of Bone in A Ankle
<p>The number of bones in the human ankle is <strong>7</strong>. These bones are known as the tarsal bones and include:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Talus</strong></li>
<li><strong>Calcaneus</strong> (heel bone)</li>
<li><strong>Navicular</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cuboid</strong></li>
<li><strong>Medial cuneiform</strong></li>
<li><strong>Intermediate cuneiform</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lateral cuneiform</strong></li>
</ol>
<p>These bones together form the ankle joint and provide support and mobility to the foot.</p>
28. Normal Blood Pressure in Human Body
<p>Normal blood pressure in adults is typically around <strong>120/80 mmHg</strong>. This reading consists of two numbers:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Systolic pressure</strong> (the first number, 120): the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats.</li>
<li><strong>Diastolic pressure</strong> (the second number, 80): the pressure in the arteries when the heart is at rest between beats.</li>
</ul>
<p>Blood pressure can vary based on individual health, age, and other factors. Generally, blood pressure readings below <strong>120/80 mmHg</strong> are considered normal, while readings above <strong>130/80 mmHg</strong> may indicate elevated blood pressure or hypertension.</p>
29. Ph of Blood
<p>The normal pH range of human blood is typically between <strong>7.35 and 7.45</strong>. This slightly alkaline range is crucial for maintaining various physiological processes. Deviations from this range can lead to conditions such as:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Acidosis</strong>: A pH below 7.35, which can result from respiratory or metabolic issues.</li>
<li><strong>Alkalosis</strong>: A pH above 7.45, which can also be caused by respiratory or metabolic disorders.</li>
</ul>
<p>The body regulates blood pH through various mechanisms, including respiration and renal function, to maintain homeostasis.</p>
30. Number of Vertebrate in the spine
<p>The human spine is composed of <strong>33 vertebrae</strong>, which are categorized into different regions:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Cervical Vertebrae</strong>: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)</li>
<li><strong>Thoracic Vertebrae</strong>: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)</li>
<li><strong>Lumbar Vertebrae</strong>: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)</li>
<li><strong>Sacral Vertebrae</strong>: 5 fused vertebrae (forming the sacrum)</li>
<li><strong>Coccygeal Vertebrae</strong>: 4 fused vertebrae (forming the coccyx or tailbone)</li>
</ol>
<p>After fusion in adults, the total count for individual vertebrae is typically considered as <strong>24 movable vertebrae</strong> (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) along with the fused sacral and coccygeal vertebrae.</p>
31. Number of Vertebrate in the Neck
<p>The neck contains <strong>7 cervical vertebrae</strong>, labeled C1 through C7. These vertebrae support the skull and allow for a range of motion in the head and neck.</p>
32. Number of bones in a middle Ear
<p>There are <strong>3 bones</strong> in the middle ear, commonly known as the ossicles. These are:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Malleus</strong> (hammer)</li>
<li><strong>Incus</strong> (anvil)</li>
<li><strong>Stapes</strong> (stirrup)</li>
</ol>
<p>These bones play a crucial role in transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.</p>
33. Number of Bones in human body
<p>The adult human body typically has <strong>206 bones</strong>. However, infants are born with approximately <strong>270 bones</strong>, some of which fuse together as they grow, leading to the standard count of 206 in adults.</p>
34. Number of Muscles in human body
<p>The human body has approximately <strong>639 muscles</strong>. This count includes various types of muscles, primarily skeletal muscles that facilitate movement and maintain posture.</p>
35. Number of Kidneys in human body
<p>The human body typically has <strong>two kidneys</strong>. They are responsible for filtering blood, removing waste, and regulating fluid and electrolyte balance. In some cases, individuals may be born with one kidney or may have one removed, but the standard number is two.</p>
36. Number of Milk Teeth in human body
<p>The typical number of milk teeth (also known as primary or deciduous teeth) in a human body is <strong>20</strong>. These teeth usually begin to erupt around six months of age and are eventually replaced by permanent teeth during childhood.</p>
37. Number of Ribs in human body
<p>The human body typically has <strong>24 ribs</strong>, arranged in 12 pairs. These ribs protect the thoracic cavity and the organs within it, such as the heart and lungs.</p>
38. Number of chambers in human heart
<p>The human heart has <strong>four chambers</strong>: two upper chambers called the atria (right atrium and left atrium) and two lower chambers called the ventricles (right ventricle and left ventricle).</p>
39. Number of Bones in face
<p>The human face is comprised of 14 bones. These include:</p>
<ol>
<li>Nasal bones (2)</li>
<li>Maxillae (2)</li>
<li>Zygomatic bones (2)</li>
<li>Palatine bones (2)</li>
<li>Lacrimal bones (2)</li>
<li>Inferior nasal conchae (2)</li>
<li>Vomer (1)</li>
<li>Mandible (1)</li>
</ol>
<p>These bones provide structure and support to the face.</p>
40. Number of Bones in Skull
<p>The adult human skull is made up of 22 bones, which can be divided into two main categories:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Cranial bones (8)</strong>: These protect the brain and include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Frontal bone (1)</li>
<li>Parietal bones (2)</li>
<li>Temporal bones (2)</li>
<li>Occipital bone (1)</li>
<li>Sphenoid bone (1)</li>
<li>Ethmoid bone (1)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Facial bones (14)</strong>: These form the structure of the face, which includes the 14 bones mentioned earlier.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>In total, when considering both cranial and facial bones, there are 22 bones in the adult human skull.</p>
41. Number of Bones in Chest
<p>The human chest, or thoracic region, contains 25 bones, which include:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Sternum (1)</strong>: The breastbone.</li>
<li><strong>Ribs (24)</strong>: There are 12 pairs of ribs.</li>
</ol>
<p>The ribs are classified into three categories:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>True ribs (1-7)</strong>: Directly connected to the sternum.</li>
<li><strong>False ribs (8-10)</strong>: Indirectly connected to the sternum via cartilage.</li>
<li><strong>Floating ribs (11-12)</strong>: Not attached to the sternum at all.</li>
</ul>
<p>So, in total, the chest comprises 25 bones.</p>
42. Number of Bones in Arms
<p>Each human arm has 3 main bones, and since there are two arms, the total number of bones in both arms is 6. The bones in each arm include:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Humerus</strong>: The upper arm bone.</li>
<li><strong>Radius</strong>: One of the two bones in the forearm, located on the thumb side.</li>
<li><strong>Ulna</strong>: The other forearm bone, located on the side opposite the thumb.</li>
</ol>
<p>So, with two arms, the total is 6 bones.</p>
43. Number of Bones in each human ear
<p>Each human ear contains <strong>three tiny bones</strong> known as the ossicles. These bones are:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Malleus</strong> (hammer)</li>
<li><strong>Incus</strong> (anvil)</li>
<li><strong>Stapes</strong> (stirrup)</li>
</ol>
<p>So, there are a total of 3 bones in each ear. Since humans have two ears, that makes a total of 6 ossicles in the entire body.</p>
44. Number of muscles in the human arm
<p>The human arm has around <strong>72 muscles</strong>, divided into groups for movement and precision. the muscles in the human arm, listed by point:</p>
<div class="flex max-w-full flex-col flex-grow">
<div class="min-h-8 text-message flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 whitespace-normal break-words [.text-message+&]:mt-5" dir="auto" data-message-author-role="assistant" data-message-id="b446813d-9e7f-478c-9556-297720ae8b71" data-message-model-slug="gpt-4o">
<div class="flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden first:pt-[3px]">
<div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light">
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Upper Arm Muscles</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Biceps brachii</li>
<li>Triceps brachii</li>
<li>Brachialis</li>
<li>Coracobrachialis</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Forearm Flexor Muscles (Anterior)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Flexor carpi radialis</li>
<li>Flexor digitorum profundus</li>
<li>Pronator teres</li>
<li>Palmaris longus</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Forearm Extensor Muscles (Posterior)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Extensor digitorum</li>
<li>Brachioradialis</li>
<li>Extensor carpi radialis longus</li>
<li>Supinator</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Intrinsic Hand Muscles</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li>Thenar muscles (thumb control)</li>
<li>Hypothenar muscles (little finger control)</li>
<li>Lumbricals</li>
<li>Interossei muscles</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<p>These groups contribute to strength and precision in arm and hand movements.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
45. Number of pumps in heart
<p>The human heart has <strong>four chambers</strong> that act like pumps, which can be grouped into two main <strong>pumping systems</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Right side of the heart</strong>: Consists of the <strong>right atrium</strong> and <strong>right ventricle</strong>, which pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary circulation).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Left side of the heart</strong>: Consists of the <strong>left atrium</strong> and <strong>left ventricle</strong>, which pump oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>So, while the heart has four chambers, it essentially functions as a <strong>dual pump</strong> system.</p>
46. Largest organ
<p>The <strong>largest organ</strong> in the human body is the <strong>skin</strong>.</p>
<p>It covers the entire body and serves as a protective barrier, regulating temperature, and preventing water loss.</p>
<p>The skin's surface area can measure up to about <strong>20 square feet</strong> (1.9 square meters) in adults, and it plays a crucial role in sensory perception, immunity, and excretion.</p>
47. Largest Gland
<p>The <strong>largest gland</strong> in the human body is the <strong>liver</strong>.</p>
<p>It weighs about <strong>1.2 to 1.5 kilograms</strong> (2.6 to 3.3 pounds) in adults and performs essential functions like detoxification, metabolism, producing bile, and storing vitamins and minerals.</p>
<p>The liver is crucial for processing nutrients, breaking down toxins, and regulating blood sugar levels.</p>
48. Smallest Cell
<p><strong>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</strong> is indeed one of the smallest known living organisms and the smallest cell in terms of size.</p>
<h3>About Mycoplasma gallisepticum:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Size</strong>: Mycoplasma species, including M. gallisepticum, typically range from <strong>0.2 to 0.3 micrometers</strong> (μm) in diameter, making them significantly smaller than blood cells, including platelets.</li>
<li><strong>Characteristics</strong>: Mycoplasma are unique as they lack a cell wall, which distinguishes them from most other bacteria. This feature allows them to take on various shapes and makes them resistant to certain antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.</li>
<li><strong>Habitat</strong>: They are often found in various environments, including soil and as parasites in the tissues of animals and humans.</li>
<li><strong>Infection</strong>: M. gallisepticum is known to cause respiratory infections in birds and can also affect other animals.</li>
</ul>
49. Biggest Cell
<p>The <strong>largest cell</strong> in the animal kingdom is the <strong>ostrich egg</strong>, while the <strong>largest cell in the human body</strong> is the <strong>female ovum</strong>. Here's a comparison:</p>
<h3>Ostrich Egg:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Type</strong>: Egg cell</li>
<li><strong>Size</strong>: Approximately <strong>15–18 centimeters</strong> (cm) in length and width, weighing about <strong>3 pounds</strong> (1.4 kilograms).</li>
<li><strong>Characteristics</strong>: The ostrich egg is a single cell and is glossy cream-colored with a thick shell. It has small pores and serves as a protective environment for the developing embryo.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Female Ovum:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Type</strong>: Egg cell</li>
<li><strong>Size</strong>: About <strong>100 micrometers</strong> (μm) in diameter.</li>
<li><strong>Characteristics</strong>: The human ovum is the largest cell in the human body, with a large cytoplasm and a nucleus containing genetic material.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Summary:</h3>
<ul>
<li>In terms of size, the <strong>ostrich egg</strong> is the biggest cell overall in the animal kingdom. However, when specifically discussing human biology, the <strong>female ovum</strong> is the largest cell in the human body.</li>
</ul>
50. Smallest Bone
<p>The <strong>smallest bone</strong> in the human body is the <strong>stapes</strong>, also known as the stirrup bone. Here are some key details about the stapes:</p>
<h3>Key Points about the Stapes:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Location</strong>: It is located in the middle ear and is one of three auditory ossicles, along with the malleus (hammer) and incus (anvil).</li>
<li><strong>Size</strong>: The stapes measures approximately <strong>2.5 to 3.5 millimeters</strong> in length.</li>
<li><strong>Function</strong>: The stapes plays a crucial role in hearing by transmitting sound vibrations from the middle ear to the inner ear, where they are converted into nerve impulses that the brain interprets as sound.</li>
<li><strong>Shape</strong>: The stapes has a stirrup-like shape, which is how it got its name.</li>
</ul>
<p>The stapes is essential for our ability to hear, making it a critical component of the auditory system.</p>
51. First transplanted organ
<p>The <strong>first successful organ transplant</strong> was a <strong>kidney transplant</strong> performed in <strong>1954</strong>. </p>
<h3>Details:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Organ</strong>: Kidney</li>
<li><strong>Year</strong>: 1954</li>
<li><strong>Transplantation Team</strong>: Dr. Joseph Murray and his team.</li>
<li><strong>Recipient</strong>: Richard Herrick</li>
<li><strong>Donor</strong>: Ronald Herrick (Richard's identical twin brother)</li>
<li><strong>Location</strong>: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.</li>
</ul>
<h3>Significance:</h3>
<ul>
<li>This transplant was groundbreaking as it demonstrated the possibility of successful organ transplantation between living individuals, especially due to the genetic similarity of identical twins, which reduced the risk of organ rejection.</li>
<li>The success of this operation laid the foundation for the field of organ transplantation and advanced medical practices related to immunosuppressive therapy and transplant techniques.</li>
</ul>
52. Average length of small intestine
<p>The <strong>average length of the small intestine</strong> in adults is approximately <strong>6 to 7 meters</strong> (about <strong>20 to 23 feet</strong>). Here are some key details:</p>
<h3>About the Small Intestine:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Divisions</strong>: The small intestine consists of three parts:
<ul>
<li><strong>Duodenum</strong>: Approximately 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) long.</li>
<li><strong>Jejunum</strong>: About 2.5 meters (8 feet) long.</li>
<li><strong>Ileum</strong>: Roughly 3 to 4 meters (10 to 13 feet) long.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Function</strong>: The small intestine is primarily responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food.</li>
<li><strong>Surface Area</strong>: The inner surface of the small intestine is lined with villi and microvilli, which increase its surface area significantly to enhance nutrient absorption.</li>
</ul>
<p>The length and structure of the small intestine allow it to effectively process food and absorb essential nutrients and minerals.</p>
53. Average length of large intestine
<p>The <strong>average length of the large intestine</strong> in adults is about <strong>1.5 meters</strong> (5 feet). It includes the <strong>cecum</strong>, <strong>colon</strong> (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid), and <strong>rectum</strong>.</p>
<p>Its main functions are to absorb water and electrolytes, form and store feces, and support beneficial gut bacteria.</p>
54. Average weight of new born baby
<p>The <strong>average weight of a newborn baby</strong> is typically between <strong>2.5 to 4.0 kilograms</strong> (approximately <strong>5.5 to 8.8 pounds</strong>). Here are some key points regarding newborn weight:</p>
<h3>Points:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Average Weight</strong>: Most newborns weigh around <strong>3.3 kilograms</strong> (about <strong>7.3 pounds</strong>).</li>
<li><strong>Weight Range</strong>: Babies weighing less than <strong>2.5 kg</strong> (5.5 pounds) are considered low birth weight, while those over <strong>4.0 kg</strong> (8.8 pounds) are classified as high birth weight.</li>
<li><strong>Factors Influencing Weight</strong>: Newborn weight can be influenced by several factors, including genetics, maternal health, nutrition during pregnancy, and gestational age at birth.</li>
</ul>
<p>Monitoring a newborn's weight is important for assessing their growth and overall health in the early days of life.</p>
55. Pulse rate in one minute
<p>A pulse rate of <strong>72 beats per minute (bpm)</strong> falls within the normal resting heart rate range for adults, which is typically between <strong>60 and 100 bpm</strong>. Here are some key points related to this pulse rate:</p>
<h3>Key Points:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Normal Range</strong>: A resting pulse rate of 72 bpm is considered healthy and normal.</li>
<li><strong>Fitness Indicator</strong>: A pulse rate at this level may indicate a good level of cardiovascular fitness, especially if the individual is relaxed and resting.</li>
<li><strong>Variation</strong>: The pulse rate can vary based on factors like physical activity, stress, medications, and overall health.</li>
</ul>
<p>Regularly monitoring pulse rate can help in assessing heart health and fitness levels.</p>
56. Body Temperature
<p>Normal body temperature is considered to be <strong>37°C (98.6°F)</strong>, but significant variations exist among individuals.</p>
<p>The mean daily temperature can differ by <strong>0.5°C (0.9°F)</strong> in healthy people, and daily fluctuations can range from <strong>0.25 to 0.5°C</strong>. Factors influencing these variations include the time of day, activity level, and hormonal changes.</p>
<p>Typically, body temperature is lower in the morning and higher in the late afternoon and evening.</p>
<p>These variations are important for accurately assessing health, as a body temperature above <strong>37.5°C (99.5°F)</strong> may indicate a fever or underlying medical condition, warranting further investigation.</p>
57. Average blood volume
<p>The average blood volume of an adult is about <strong>5 liters</strong>. Various factors can influence blood volume, leading to conditions like <strong>hypervolemia</strong> (excess blood volume) or <strong>hypovolemia</strong> (low blood volume).</p>
<h3>Points:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Hypervolemia</strong> can occur due to factors such as heart failure, kidney disease, excessive fluid intake, or certain medications, potentially causing symptoms like swelling, high blood pressure, and difficulty breathing.</li>
<li><strong>Hypovolemia</strong> can result from dehydration, blood loss, or severe burns, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and weakness.</li>
<li>Monitoring blood volume is crucial for maintaining overall health and ensuring proper physiological functions, including circulation and oxygen delivery.</li>
</ul>
<p>Maintaining a balanced blood volume is vital for optimal bodily function and preventing health complications.</p>
58. Average life of RBC
<p>The average lifespan of a <strong>red blood cell (RBC)</strong> is about <strong>120 days</strong>. Produced in the bone marrow, RBCs transport oxygen to tissues and carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs.</p>
<p>After their lifespan, they are removed by the spleen and liver, where they are broken down and recycled.</p>
59. Pregnancy period
<p>The average pregnancy period lasts about <strong>280 days</strong>, or <strong>40 weeks</strong>, calculated from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP).</p>
<p>Pregnancy is divided into three trimesters: the first trimester (weeks 1 to 12), the second trimester (weeks 13 to 26), and the third trimester (weeks 27 to 40).</p>
<p>A full-term pregnancy ranges from <strong>39 to 41 weeks</strong>, with deliveries occurring between <strong>37 and 42 weeks</strong> considered normal.</p>
<p>Deliveries before <strong>37 weeks</strong> are classified as preterm, while those extending beyond <strong>42 weeks</strong> are termed post-term.</p>
<p>Understanding the duration of pregnancy is essential for monitoring maternal and fetal health throughout gestation.</p>
60. Number of bones in human foot
<p>The human foot contains a total of <strong>33 bones</strong>, which include:</p>
<h3>Foot Bones:</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Tarsal Bones (7)</strong>:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Calcaneus</strong> (heel bone)</li>
<li><strong>Talus</strong></li>
<li><strong>Navicular</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cuboid</strong></li>
<li><strong>Cuneiforms</strong> (3: medial, intermediate, and lateral)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Metatarsal Bones (5)</strong>: The five long bones in the middle of the foot, numbered from the big toe (1) to the little toe (5).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Phalanges (14)</strong>: The bones of the toes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Each toe has three phalanges (proximal, middle, distal), except for the big toe, which has two (proximal and distal).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>This structure provides the foot with flexibility and strength, essential for movement and weight-bearing activities.</p>
61. Number of bones in each wrist
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<p>Each wrist contains <strong>8 bones</strong>, collectively known as the <strong>carpal bones</strong>. These bones are organized into two rows:</p>
<h3>Carpal Bones:</h3>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Proximal Row (4 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Scaphoid</strong></li>
<li><strong>Lunate</strong></li>
<li><strong>Triquetrum</strong></li>
<li><strong>Pisiform</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Distal Row (4 bones)</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Trapezium</strong></li>
<li><strong>Trapezoid</strong></li>
<li><strong>Capitate</strong></li>
<li><strong>Hamate</strong></li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Together, these 8 carpal bones allow for a wide range of wrist movements and provide stability and flexibility. The wrist joint plays a crucial role in the overall functionality of the hand.</p>
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62. Number of bones in hand
<p>The human hand consists of a total of <strong>27 bones</strong>, categorized into three groups.</p>
<ol>
<li>
<p><strong>Carpal Bones (8)</strong>: These are the eight wrist bones, divided into two rows. The proximal row includes the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform. The distal row consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Metacarpal Bones (5)</strong>: These five long bones form the palm, numbered 1 to 5, starting from the thumb.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Phalanges (14)</strong>: The bones of the fingers; each finger has three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), while the thumb has two (proximal and distal). This structure allows for versatile hand movements.</p>
</li>
</ol>
63. Largest endocrine gland
<p>The <strong>thyroid gland</strong> is the largest endocrine gland in the human body, located in the front of the neck beneath the Adam's apple.</p>
<p>It has a butterfly shape, consisting of two lobes connected by an isthmus. The gland primarily produces hormones such as <strong>thyroxine (T4)</strong> and <strong>triiodothyronine (T3)</strong>, which regulate metabolism, energy levels, and growth.</p>
<p>Proper thyroid function is essential for overall health, with imbalances potentially leading to various disorders.</p>
64. Largest lymphatic organ
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<p>The <strong>spleen</strong> is the largest lymphatic organ in the body, located in the upper left abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach.</p>
<p>It filters blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells, and stores white blood cells. Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule, the spleen comprises white pulp and red pulp.</p>
<p>Additionally, it helps increase blood volume during emergencies and produces lymphocytes in response to pathogens, supporting the immune system.</p>
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65. Metabolism is categorized into Meta Catabolism and analogy Anabolism and Catabolism
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<p>Metabolism is categorized into two types of chemical reactions: <strong>anabolism</strong> and <strong>catabolism</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Anabolism</strong> involves building up body tissues and energy stores, utilizing energy to create cell components like proteins and nucleic acids.</p>
<p><strong>Catabolism</strong> refers to breaking down body tissues and energy stores to generate fuel, producing energy during processes like cellular respiration. Overall, metabolism encompasses all chemical reactions in a cell, essential for life, deriving from the Greek word <em>metabolē</em>, meaning "to change."</p>
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66. Cell with Primitive type of nucleus Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell Nucleus cell
<p>The cell with a primitive type of nucleus is the <strong>prokaryotic cell</strong>. Prokaryotic cells are single-celled organisms that lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p>
<p>Instead, they have a nucleoid region where their genetic material (DNA) is located, not enclosed by a membrane.</p>
<p>Common examples include bacteria and archaea. In contrast, <strong>eukaryotic cells</strong> possess a defined nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles, making them more complex.</p>
67. The first animal cloned was
<p>The first animal cloned was a <strong>sheep</strong> named <strong>Dolly</strong>, created in 1996 by scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland.</p>
<p>Dolly was cloned using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), where the nucleus of a somatic cell from an adult was inserted into an egg cell without a nucleus.</p>
<p>Her birth marked a significant milestone in genetics, raising ethical questions and paving the way for advancements in cloning and regenerative medicine research.</p>
68. Mass suicide of migratory birds, which place ?
<p>The mass suicide of migratory birds occurs in <strong>Jatinga</strong>, Assam, India, primarily between September and November.</p>
<p>During this time, various migratory species are attracted to the village's lights, leading to disorientation and fatal collisions with buildings and trees. This phenomenon remains a subject of scientific investigation.</p>
69. The study of monsters, freaks, abnormal growths or malformations
<p>The study of monsters, freaks, abnormal growths, or malformations is called <strong>teratology</strong>.</p>
<p>This scientific discipline focuses on congenital abnormalities and developmental malformations in organisms, examining their causes, mechanisms, and consequences during embryonic development.</p>
<p>Teratology is essential for understanding how factors such as genetics, environmental influences, and maternal health can lead to various birth defects, contributing to advancements in medical research and prenatal care.</p>
70. The Property by which living organisms move from one place to other
<p><strong>Locomotion</strong> is the ability of living organisms to move from one place to another. It includes various forms of movement, such as walking, swimming, flying, or crawling, essential for survival.</p>
71. The Protein that accumulates abundantly in muscles during the old age, which is indicator of senility
<p>The protein that accumulates abundantly in muscles during old age and serves as an indicator of senility is <strong>collagen</strong>.</p>
<p>As we age, collagen production decreases, leading to structural changes in muscles and connective tissues, which can affect mobility and overall muscle function, highlighting the aging process and related health issues.</p>
72. First Virus discovered was
<p>The first virus discovered was the <strong>Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)</strong>.</p>
<h3>Points:</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Discovery</strong>: TMV was identified in 1892 by the Russian scientist Dmitri Ivanovsky while he was studying tobacco plants.</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong>: It was the first virus to be recognized and characterized, marking the beginning of virology as a scientific discipline.</li>
<li><strong>Structure</strong>: TMV is known for its rod-shaped structure and is a significant model organism in the study of viruses and plant pathology.</li>
</ul>
73. The Power house of the cell
<p>The <strong>mitochondria</strong> are known as the "powerhouse of the cell" because they produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's primary energy source, through cellular respiration.</p>
<p>With a double membrane structure, mitochondria are essential for energy metabolism, cell signaling, and regulating apoptosis, contributing significantly to cellular function and health.</p>
74. Very well developed nucleus in cell is called as
<p>A very well-developed nucleus is a characteristic of <strong>eukaryotic cells</strong>.</p>
<p>These cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus that houses the genetic material (DNA). Eukaryotic cells are found in organisms such as animals, plants, fungi, and protists, distinguishing them from prokaryotic cells, which lack a true nucleus.</p>
75. Virus word is coined by
<p>The term "virus" was coined by <strong>Martinus Beijernick</strong> in 1898.</p>
<p>He used the term to describe the infectious agent responsible for tobacco mosaic disease, following Dmitri Ivanovsky's earlier discovery.</p>
<p>Beijernick's work established the foundation for virology, highlighting the distinct nature of viruses compared to other pathogens.</p>
76. Viscous fluid inside cell is called
<p>The viscous fluid inside a cell is called <strong>protoplasm</strong>.</p>
<p>It encompasses the cytoplasm and the nucleus, containing organelles, cytosol, and various biomolecules.</p>
<p>Protoplasm is vital for maintaining cell structure, supporting organelles, and facilitating essential biochemical reactions necessary for cellular functions and overall life processes.</p>
77. NDRI, National Dairy Research Institute is located at
<p>The <strong>National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI)</strong> is located in <strong>Karnal, Haryana</strong>. Established in 1923, it is a premier institution focused on dairy research and education.</p>
<p>NDRI conducts research on dairy science, including breeding, nutrition, and processing technologies, contributing significantly to India's dairy production and food security.</p>
78. Which of the following are Prokaryotic
<p><strong>None of the above</strong> are prokaryotic.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Yeast</strong>: Eukaryotic fungi.</li>
<li><strong>Euglena</strong>: Eukaryotic organism (a protist).</li>
<li><strong>Amoeba</strong>: Eukaryotic organism (a protozoan).</li>
</ul>
<p>Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea, which lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p>
79. Conjoint twins which are identical twins of same sex are also called as
<p>Conjoint twins, which are identical twins of the same sex, are referred to as <strong>Siamese Twins</strong>.</p>
<p>The term originated from the famous 19th-century twins Chang and Eng Bunker.</p>
<p>These twins share certain body parts and organs, making them a unique form of monozygotic twins resulting from a single fertilized egg.</p>
80. An Alternative to the chemical called ‘Diclofenac’ which is an anti inflammatory medicine and analgesic medicine for cattle’s
<p><strong>Meloxicam</strong> is an alternative to the anti-inflammatory and analgesic medicine <strong>Diclofenac</strong> for cattle.</p>
<p>As a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), Meloxicam effectively relieves pain and inflammation in livestock.</p>
<p>It is preferred over Diclofenac due to its safer profile, reducing risks to wildlife, particularly vulture populations.</p>
81. Biology, Bio means life and logy means study was termed by
<p>The term <strong>Biology</strong> was coined by <strong>Lamarck and Treviranus</strong>. "Bio" means life, while "logy" means study, making biology the study of life.</p>
<p>Lamarck was a French biologist known for his early evolutionary theories, and Treviranus was a German naturalist who contributed to biological science in the 19th century.</p>
82. Study of Old age and its associated phenomena
<p><strong>Gerontology</strong> is the study of old age and its associated phenomena. It encompasses the biological, psychological, and social aspects of aging.</p>
<p>This field is crucial for understanding the challenges faced by the elderly, informing healthcare, policies, and social services to enhance their quality of life and well-being.</p>
83. The study of Seasonal Migration of animals
<p><strong>Phenology</strong> is the study of seasonal migration of animals, focusing on the timing of biological events in relation to climate and seasonal changes.</p>
<p>This field helps understand how environmental factors affect animal behavior, particularly migration patterns, and is essential for wildlife management and conservation efforts.</p>
84. The Virus which is present in Intestine of birds
<p>The virus that is present in the intestine of birds is <strong>H5N1</strong>.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>H5N1</strong>: This is a subtype of the influenza virus that primarily affects birds but can also infect humans and other animals.</li>
<li><strong>Transmission</strong>: H5N1 is highly pathogenic in birds and can spread through contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.</li>
<li><strong>Significance</strong>: It has raised concerns for public health due to its potential to cause severe illness in humans.</li>
</ul>
85. Viriods are RNA infectious particles causing diseases in
<p>Viroids are RNA infectious particles that cause diseases primarily in <strong>plants</strong>. Unlike viruses, viroids do not encode proteins and rely on the host's cellular machinery for replication.</p>
<p>They can lead to various plant diseases, resulting in symptoms such as stunted growth, leaf discoloration, and fruit deformities.</p>
86. Japanese encephalitis virus, which is a flavi virus spreads by
<p>The Japanese encephalitis virus, a flavivirus, spreads primarily through the <strong>Culex mosquito</strong>, particularly <strong>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</strong>.</p>
<p>Infected mosquitoes transmit the virus to humans through bites, especially in rural agricultural regions.</p>
<p>Pigs and wading birds serve as primary reservoirs, contributing to the virus's transmission cycle.</p>
87. Bird flu first started in
<p>The first outbreak of bird flu in India occurred in <strong>2006, Maharashtra</strong>.</p>
<p>The H5N1 strain was confirmed in poultry, prompting immediate measures, including culling infected birds and implementing movement restrictions.</p>
<p>This outbreak raised public health concerns and led to increased surveillance of avian influenza across the country.</p>
88. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is discovered by
<p>Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) was discovered by <strong>Harald Zur Hausen</strong>.</p>
<p>He linked HPV to cervical cancer, leading to significant advancements in prevention and vaccination. His research paved the way for the development of HPV vaccines, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2008 for his contributions.</p>
89. Mad cow disease may attack in humans, which is called as Fatal Familial Bovine Spongiform enccephalopathy Cruetzfeldt jacob Disease
<p>Mad cow disease, scientifically known as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), can affect humans, leading to a variant known as <strong>Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)</strong>.</p>
<p>CJD is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions, resulting in severe brain damage, neurological symptoms, and ultimately, death. Early diagnosis is challenging.</p>
90. Mad cow disease may attack in humans, which is called as
<p>Mad cow disease in humans is known as <strong>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)</strong>. This disease is a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy caused by prions, and it can arise from exposure to infected beef products.</p>
<p><strong>Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)</strong> is the disease that affects cattle, while <strong>Fatal Familial Insomnia</strong> is a different prion disease that primarily affects sleep.</p>
91. Kuru disease, causes due to ritual cannibalism damages
<p>Kuru disease, which is associated with ritual cannibalism, primarily damages the <strong>brain</strong>.</p>
<p>It is a prion disease that affects the nervous system, leading to neurodegeneration and various neurological symptoms.</p>
92. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) causes
<p>Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is primarily associated with causing <strong>cervical cancer in females</strong>.</p>
<p>It is a significant risk factor for the development of this type of cancer, and certain strains of HPV are known to cause the majority of cervical cancer cases.</p>
93. Extra Glucose is stored in liver in the form of
<p>Extra glucose is stored in the liver in the form of <strong>glycogen molecules</strong>. Glycogen serves as a readily accessible energy reserve that the body can convert back to glucose when needed.</p>
94. Chikungunya spreads by
<p>Chikungunya spreads by the <strong>Togavirus</strong>.</p>
<p>It is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected mosquitoes, particularly the Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species.</p>
95. Study of functions of Body
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<p>The study of the functions of the body is known as <strong>physiology</strong>.</p>
<p>This field examines how various systems and organs in the body work together to maintain life and health.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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96. Influenza or Flu caused by group of viruses called
<p>Influenza, or flu, is caused by a group of viruses known as <strong>Orthomyxoviruses</strong>.</p>
<p>The specific strains like H1N1 and H1N2 are subtypes of the influenza virus within this group.</p>
97. Total number of atoms present in single Sucrose
<p>A single sucrose molecule (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) contains a total of <strong>45 atoms</strong>. This includes 12 carbon atoms, 22 hydrogen atoms, and 11 oxygen atoms.</p>
98. Dengue Fever spreads by
<p>Dengue fever spreads by the <strong>Ades mosquito</strong>, specifically Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus.</p>
99. Normal Flu is treated by medicines
<p><strong>Rimantadine</strong> and <strong>Amantadine</strong> are antiviral medications used to treat and prevent infections caused by certain strains of influenza A virus.</p>
<p>They work by inhibiting the viral replication process, which prevents the virus from spreading within the body. These drugs are most effective when taken early in the course of the infection.</p>
100. Smallest living cells in plants are
<p><strong>Prions</strong> are indeed the smallest and simplest infectious agents, unique because they lack nucleic acids.</p>
<p>They are misfolded proteins that cause other normal proteins in the host to misfold in a similar way, leading to diseases known as <strong>prion diseases</strong> or <strong>transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)</strong>.</p>
<p>These conditions affect the brain and neural tissues, causing progressive degeneration. Prions are responsible for diseases like <strong>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</strong> in humans and <strong>mad cow disease</strong> in cattle.</p>
101. The chemicals that are exclusively synthesized in the living organism is
<p><strong>Biomolecules</strong> are chemical compounds that are synthesized exclusively within living organisms.</p>
<p>They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other organic molecules that are essential for life processes. These molecules play crucial roles in the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells and organs.</p>
102. Yellow Fever spreads by
<p><strong>Yellow fever</strong> spreads primarily through the bite of infected <strong>Aedes</strong> and <strong>Haemagogus mosquitoes</strong>.</p>
<p>These mosquito species are responsible for transmitting the virus to humans, leading to the spread of the disease in tropical and subtropical regions.</p>
103. The Virus which spreads by Insects called
<p><strong>Arboviruses</strong> (short for <strong>arthropod-borne viruses</strong>) are viruses that are transmitted by insects, particularly mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. These viruses include those that cause diseases like dengue, Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever.</p>
104. Lactose, milk sugar formed by reaction of
<p>Lactose, commonly known as milk sugar, is formed by the reaction of <strong>glucose and galactose</strong>. It is a disaccharide composed of these two monosaccharides linked together.</p>