1. C was developed in the year ___
C programming language was developed in the year 1972.
Explanation:
C was developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973. The first edition of the book "The C Programming Language" by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, which documented the language, was published in 1978.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
1972
2. A declaration float a; occupies ______of memory ?
In C programming, the declaration float a; indicates that variable a is of type float. Here's an explanation of how much memory this declaration typically occupies:
4 bytes
Explanation:
In most modern compilers and systems, a float data type occupies 4 bytes of memory. This is standard on many platforms, where float is a single-precision floating-point number.
Floating-point numbers are used to represent real numbers (those with fractional parts) and have a specified range and precision, typically adhering to the IEEE 754 standard for floating-point arithmetic.
This memory allocation allows float variables to store values with decimal places, providing flexibility in numerical computations compared to integer types.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
4 bytes
3. Computers, combine both measuring and counting, are called :
Computers that combine both measuring and counting capabilities are referred to as hybrid computers.
Explanation:
Analog computers operate on continuous data and use physical phenomena like electrical voltages or mechanical movements to perform calculations. They are suited for tasks requiring real-time processing of continuous signals, such as in scientific simulations or control systems.
Digital computers operate using discrete data represented as binary digits (bits: 0s and 1s). They are versatile for general-purpose computing tasks, including arithmetic operations, data processing, and software applications.
Hybrid computers integrate aspects of both analog and digital computers. They leverage analog processes for measuring and monitoring physical quantities, while using digital components for processing, storage, and control. This makes them suitable for applications requiring both real-time data acquisition and complex computation, such as weather forecasting, medical imaging, and industrial control systems.
Therefore, the correct answer to your question is:
Hybrid
4. Which of the following is/ are operating systems
All of the options provided—Windows, Unix, and OS/2—are indeed operating systems. Here's an explanation for each:
Windows: Developed by Microsoft, Windows is one of the most widely used operating systems for personal computers. It includes various versions such as Windows 10, Windows 11, and previous versions like Windows 7 and Windows XP. Windows provides a graphical user interface (GUI) and supports a wide range of software applications.
Unix: Unix is a powerful, multi-user, and multitasking operating system originally developed in the 1960s and 1970s at Bell Labs. It has various versions and flavors, such as Linux (a Unix-like operating system), BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), and commercial Unix systems like Solaris, HP-UX, and AIX. Unix systems are widely used in servers, workstations, and embedded systems.
OS/2: OS/2 (Operating System/2) is an operating system developed by IBM and Microsoft in the late 1980s. It was designed to provide a multitasking and multi-threaded environment for personal computers. Although it was popular during its time, OS/2 is not as widely used today compared to Windows and Unix/Linux systems.
Explanation:
Operating systems manage computer hardware and software resources, providing services for computer programs and users. They facilitate communication between applications and hardware, manage memory and storage, and provide security and user interface capabilities.
All of these: This option is correct because Windows, Unix, and OS/2 are all examples of operating systems that have been developed and used in various computing environments over the years.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
All of these
5. LAN stands for……………
LAN stands for Local Area Network.
Explanation:
Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN is a network that connects computers and devices within a limited geographical area such as a home, office building, or campus. It allows connected devices to communicate and share resources like files, printers, and internet connections. LANs typically operate at higher speeds and with lower latency compared to Wide Area Networks (WANs) or other network types.
Limited Area Network: This term is not commonly used to describe networking technologies. The correct term for a localized network is "Local Area Network" (LAN).
Logical Area Network: This term does not accurately describe a physical or virtual network infrastructure. Networks are categorized based on physical geography or scope, not logical distinctions alone.
Large Area Network: A Large Area Network (LAN) is a network that spans a large geographical area, typically connecting multiple LANs or other networks. It is the opposite of a Local Area Network (LAN) in terms of scope and scale.
Conclusion:
LANs are fundamental to local communication and resource sharing in computing environments, providing efficient connectivity for devices within a limited area.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Local Area Network
6. Note book, laptop,palm,hand-held computers are coming under the category of………
Notebooks, laptops, palm-sized, and handheld computers fall under the category of portable computers.
Explanation:
Portable computers: These are designed to be easily transported and used in different locations. They typically include:
Notebooks and Laptops: These are compact computers with built-in screens and keyboards, suitable for general computing tasks. Laptops are more powerful and versatile, often used as primary computers for work or personal use.
Palmtop and Handheld Computers: These are smaller devices designed for mobile computing. They include personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, and tablet computers. These devices are compact, lightweight, and often have touchscreens for user interaction.
Digital computer: This is a broad category that includes all types of computers using digital technology for processing data. It encompasses mainframes, minicomputers, personal computers, and portable computers.
Mainframe computer: These are large, powerful computers used primarily by large organizations for critical applications such as bulk data processing and transaction processing.
Hybrid computer: These combine features of analog and digital computers, as mentioned earlier.
Conclusion:
Portable computers like notebooks, laptops, palmtops, and handheld devices are designed for mobility and ease of use in various environments, distinguishing them from larger, fixed-location computers like mainframes or specialized hybrid systems.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Portable computer
7. ………….printer is the cheapest in terms of price and operating cost
The printer that is typically the cheapest in terms of both initial price and operating cost is the dot matrix printer.
Explanation:
Dot matrix printers are known for their low initial purchase cost compared to other types of printers. They use a printhead that strikes an ink-soaked ribbon against the paper to create dot patterns, forming characters and images. These printers are durable and can handle multi-part forms, making them suitable for environments where carbon copies are required.
Operating cost: Dot matrix printers are also economical in terms of operating costs because they use ribbons that are relatively inexpensive compared to toner cartridges or ink cartridges used in other types of printers.
Inkjet printers: These printers use liquid ink sprayed through tiny nozzles onto the paper. While they are versatile and produce high-quality color prints, they can be more expensive both initially and in terms of operating costs due to the cost of ink cartridges.
Laser printers: Laser printers use toner cartridges and a laser beam to create images on a drum, which are then transferred onto paper. They are known for fast printing speeds and sharp text quality, but their initial cost and toner cartridge replacements can be higher compared to dot matrix printers.
Thermal printers: These printers use heat to transfer ink onto paper, typically used in applications like receipts or labels. While they are efficient for specific tasks, they may have higher operating costs due to the cost of thermal paper or ribbons.
Conclusion:
Dot matrix printers are often chosen for their affordability in terms of both initial purchase price and ongoing operational expenses, making them suitable for environments where cost-effective printing is a priority.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Dot matrix
8. —— refers to electronic trespassing or criminal hacking.
The term that refers to electronic trespassing or criminal hacking is cracking.
Explanation:
Cracking: This term specifically refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks with malicious intent. Individuals who engage in cracking activities, known as "crackers," attempt to exploit vulnerabilities in computer security for various purposes, such as stealing data, disrupting operations, or causing damage.
Jacking: While the term "jacking" can refer to various actions in different contexts, it does not specifically denote unauthorized access to computer systems or hacking.
Spoofing: Spoofing involves falsifying information to gain unauthorized access or deceive users. It can be used in phishing attacks or to impersonate legitimate entities online, but it is not synonymous with hacking per se.
Smarming: This term generally refers to overly flattering or ingratiating behavior in online communication and does not relate to hacking or unauthorized access.
Conclusion:
Cracking is the term used to describe illegal or unauthorized hacking activities aimed at compromising computer systems, networks, or data.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Cracking
9. Cathode Ray Tube is a form of…….
A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) is a form of monitor.
Explanation:
Monitor: A CRT monitor uses a Cathode Ray Tube to display images on a screen. CRT monitors were widely used before the advent of LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors. They function by emitting a beam of electrons onto a phosphorescent screen, which creates the images visible to the user. CRT monitors were popular due to their ability to display vibrant colors and were used extensively in both personal computers and televisions.
Keyboard: A keyboard is an input device used to input alphanumeric characters and commands into a computer.
Mouse: A mouse is an input device used to interact with graphical user interfaces by moving a cursor on the screen.
Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer where other components such as the CPU, memory, and peripherals are connected and integrated.
Conclusion:
A Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) specifically refers to the technology used in monitors to display visual information. It is not related to keyboards, mice, or motherboards.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Monitor
10. What is the primary function of an operating system?
The primary function of an operating system (OS) is to manage hardware resources.
Explanation:
An operating system serves as an intermediary between the computer hardware and the user applications. Its main functions include:
Hardware Resource Management: The OS manages hardware resources such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory (RAM), storage devices (hard drives, SSDs), input/output devices (keyboard, mouse, printers), and network interfaces. It allocates resources efficiently among different applications and ensures that they operate smoothly without interfering with each other.
Process Management: The OS manages processes (programs in execution), including scheduling tasks, allocating system resources to processes, and ensuring efficient multitasking where multiple programs can run concurrently.
Memory Management: It handles memory allocation and de-allocation, ensuring that programs have access to the required memory space and preventing conflicts between different processes.
File System Management: The OS provides a file system that organizes and manages data stored on storage devices, such as creating, reading, writing, and deleting files. It ensures data integrity and security.
User Interface: The OS provides a user interface (UI), which can be command-line based (CLI) or graphical (GUI), enabling users to interact with the computer system and run applications.
Not the primary functions:
To process data: While the OS facilitates data processing by managing resources and providing essential services to applications, processing data itself is typically handled by applications or software running on top of the OS.
To create documents: Creating documents is a function performed by application software like word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word), not by the operating system itself.
To browse the internet: Internet browsing is enabled through web browsers (e.g., Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox), which are applications running on top of the operating system. The OS provides the necessary network interfaces and manages network connections but does not directly browse the internet.
Conclusion:
The primary role of an operating system is to manage and coordinate hardware resources to ensure efficient and secure operation of computer systems, providing a platform for running applications and facilitating user interaction.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
To manage hardware resources
11. —— is the measurement of things such as fingerprints and retinal scans used for security access
The measurement of things such as fingerprints and retinal scans used for security access is referred to as Biometrics.
Explanation:
Biometrics: Biometrics involves the measurement and statistical analysis of biological data, such as fingerprints, iris patterns, voice patterns, facial recognition, and even behavioral characteristics like typing rhythm or gait. These unique biological traits are used to verify or identify individuals for purposes like access control, authentication, and security.
Bio measurement: This term is not commonly used to describe the field of biometrics. While it could broadly refer to measuring biological parameters, it doesn't specifically denote the identification and verification techniques used in security systems.
Computer security: This term refers to the protection of computer systems and networks from threats like unauthorized access, cyberattacks, and data breaches. Biometrics can be a part of computer security measures but specifically refers to the use of biological data for identification purposes.
Smart weapon machinery: This term typically refers to advanced weaponry or military technology that incorporates smart features for targeting, navigation, or operation, and is not related to biometrics.
Conclusion:
Biometrics plays a crucial role in enhancing security by providing reliable and unique identifiers based on biological characteristics, thereby improving access control and authentication mechanisms in various applications, from smartphones to high-security facilities.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Biometrics
12. To prevent the loss of data during power failures, use a(n):
To prevent the loss of data during power failures, the best option is to use a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply).
Explanation:
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): A UPS is a device that provides backup power to electronics in the event of a power outage or fluctuation. It contains a battery that can supply power to connected devices for a limited time, allowing them to safely shut down or continue operating until normal power is restored. UPS units also provide protection against power surges and spikes, which can damage sensitive electronic equipment.
Encryption program: Encryption programs are used to secure data by converting it into a coded format that can only be read or deciphered by authorized parties. While encryption protects data confidentiality, it does not prevent data loss during power failures.
Surge protector: Surge protectors are devices designed to protect electronic devices from voltage spikes or surges in electrical power. They are effective in preventing damage from sudden power spikes but do not provide backup power or prevent data loss during power outages.
Firewall: A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It is used to prevent unauthorized access to or from private networks. Firewalls do not provide backup power and are unrelated to preventing data loss during power failures.
Conclusion:
A UPS is specifically designed to maintain power to connected devices during power interruptions, ensuring continuity of operations and preventing data loss due to sudden shutdowns. It is an essential component in environments where uninterrupted operation of electronic equipment is critical.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
UPS
13. Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as the crime of
Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as identity theft.
Explanation:
Identity theft: Identity theft occurs when someone wrongfully obtains and uses another person's personal data, such as their name, Social Security number, credit card numbers, or other financial information, without their permission. This stolen information is then used to commit fraud or other crimes, including unauthorized financial transactions, opening new accounts, or accessing sensitive information.
Spooling: Spooling refers to the process of placing data into a temporary storage area (spool) to be accessed and processed by a device or program at a later time. It is a computing term related to managing data streams and does not involve criminal activity like identity theft.
Spoofing: Spoofing involves falsifying information to deceive individuals, systems, or networks. For example, email spoofing involves forging the sender's address to appear as though it came from a different source. While spoofing can be used in phishing attacks to gather personal information, it is not the same as identity theft.
Hacking: Hacking refers to gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. While hackers may engage in criminal activities, such as stealing data or disrupting operations, hacking itself does not necessarily involve assuming someone else's identity for fraudulent purposes.
Conclusion:
Identity theft is a serious crime that can lead to financial loss, damage to credit scores, and other significant consequences for the victim. It involves the deliberate misuse of personal information to impersonate or masquerade as another individual for fraudulent purposes.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Identity theft
14. Which of the following does not store data permanently?
Among the options given, RAM (Random Access Memory) does not store data permanently.
Explanation:
ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of memory that stores data permanently and cannot be easily modified or overwritten. It typically contains firmware or essential software instructions that are required to boot up the computer or device.
Floppy Disk: While less common today, floppy disks are a type of storage media that can store data permanently (until overwritten or deleted). They were widely used in the past for data storage and transfer purposes.
Hard Disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores data permanently on magnetic platters. It retains data even when the computer is powered off and is commonly used for storing operating systems, software applications, and user files.
RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a volatile type of memory that temporarily stores data and instructions that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) needs to access quickly. It is used to store currently running programs, data being actively used by the computer, and the operating system itself. Unlike ROM, floppy disks, and hard disks, RAM loses its data when the computer is turned off or restarted.
Conclusion:
RAM is crucial for the computer's performance as it provides fast access to data and instructions needed by the CPU during operation. However, it does not store data permanently because its contents are erased when the computer loses power.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
RAM
15. The technology that stores only the essential instructions on a microprocessor chip and thus enhances its speed is referred to as
The technology that stores only the essential instructions on a microprocessor chip to enhance its speed is referred to as RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing).
Explanation:
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): RISC is a CPU design philosophy that focuses on optimizing the execution of computer instructions by using a simpler and smaller set of instructions. RISC processors typically have a smaller and more efficient instruction set, which allows them to execute instructions faster than Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) processors. By reducing the complexity of instructions and hardware, RISC processors can achieve higher performance and efficiency in executing tasks.
CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing): CISC processors, in contrast to RISC, have a larger and more complex set of instructions that can perform more complex operations directly. However, this can sometimes lead to slower execution times for certain tasks compared to RISC processors.
CD-ROM (Compact Disc Read-Only Memory): CD-ROM is an optical disc format used for storing data, typically read-only, and is not directly related to microprocessor technology or instruction set design.
Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology used for connecting devices to a local area network (LAN) or the internet wirelessly, and it is unrelated to microprocessor instruction set design.
Conclusion:
RISC architecture is designed to prioritize speed and efficiency by simplifying the instruction set, focusing on executing instructions quickly with minimal hardware complexity. This design approach has been widely adopted in modern microprocessors and contributes significantly to their performance capabilities.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
RISC
16. A DVD is an example of a
A DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) is an example of an optical disc.
Explanation:
Optical disc: A DVD is a type of optical disc that uses laser technology to read and write data. Optical discs store data digitally in the form of tiny pits and lands on a reflective surface inside the disc. DVDs can store large amounts of data, typically used for movies, software installation, backup storage, and other data applications.
Hard disk: A hard disk drive (HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores data magnetically on spinning platters inside a sealed enclosure. It provides high-capacity storage for computer systems and retains data even when powered off.
Output device: An output device is a peripheral device that receives data from a computer and presents it to the user in a human-readable form or for further processing. Examples include monitors (displaying visual information), printers (producing printed copies), and speakers (producing audio output).
Solid-state storage device: Solid-state storage devices (SSDs) use integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. They have no moving parts and offer faster access times and lower latency compared to traditional hard disk drives.
Conclusion:
A DVD falls under the category of optical discs due to its use of laser technology for data storage and retrieval. It is distinct from hard disks, which use magnetic storage, and solid-state storage devices, which use semiconductor memory.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Optical disc
17. Computers manipulate data in many ways, and this manipulation is called……
Computers manipulate data through a process called processing.
Explanation:
Processing: Processing refers to the manipulation, transformation, or calculation of data by a computer. This involves executing instructions, performing arithmetic or logical operations, accessing and retrieving data from memory or storage, and producing outputs based on the inputs received. Processing is fundamental to how computers perform tasks and execute programs.
Upgrading: Upgrading typically refers to improving or enhancing the hardware or software components of a computer system to increase its performance, capabilities, or features. While upgrading can involve manipulating data during the migration or installation process, it is not the general term used for data manipulation by the computer itself.
Batching: Batching refers to a method of organizing and processing tasks or jobs in groups or batches, where similar tasks are grouped together for efficiency. It is a strategy often used in computing for processing large volumes of data or tasks sequentially.
Utilizing: Utilizing generally refers to the effective use or application of resources, capabilities, or tools. While computers utilize data and resources to perform tasks, it does not specifically denote the manipulation of data as processing does.
Conclusion:
Processing is the core activity computers perform to manipulate and work with data, transforming inputs into meaningful outputs through various operations and calculations. It encompasses the entire range of activities computers undertake to execute programs and perform tasks as instructed by users or software.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Processing
18. All of the following are examples of storage devices EXCEPT
All of the options listed are devices commonly associated with computers, but only printers among them is not typically considered a storage device.
Explanation:
Hard disk drives (HDD): HDDs are primary storage devices used to store and retrieve digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. They provide high-capacity storage for operating systems, software applications, and user data.
Floppy disk drives: Floppy disk drives were once widely used for data storage and transfer, utilizing flexible magnetic disks encased in protective plastic housing. They have largely been phased out but were historically important for early personal computers.
CD drives: CD drives, or optical disc drives, read and write data to CDs (Compact Discs) using laser technology. They are used for storing software, multimedia files, and backups, providing a form of removable storage.
Printers: Printers are output devices that produce hard copies of documents or images on paper or other media. They do not store data; instead, they receive data from a computer or network and produce physical copies.
Conclusion:
While hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, and CD drives are all examples of storage devices used for retaining digital information, printers are output devices used for producing physical copies of data rather than storing it. Therefore, printers do not fall under the category of storage devices.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Printers
19. Which of the following is a volatile memory type?
The volatile memory type among the options listed is RAM (Random Access Memory).
Explanation:
RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM is a type of volatile memory that is used by computers to store data and machine code currently being used. It is volatile because its contents are lost when the computer is powered off. RAM is essential for the computer's operation as it allows the CPU to access data quickly, thereby speeding up processing tasks. It is commonly used for running applications and storing temporary data.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): ROM is a type of non-volatile memory that retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. It is used primarily to store firmware or software that rarely needs to be changed, such as the BIOS of a computer or firmware of embedded systems.
HDD (Hard Disk Drive): HDD is a type of non-volatile storage device that uses magnetic storage to store data persistently. It retains data even when the power is turned off and is used for long-term storage of operating systems, software applications, and user files.
SSD (Solid-State Drive): SSD is another type of non-volatile storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies to store data persistently. Like HDDs, SSDs retain data even when powered off and are known for their faster access times and lower latency compared to traditional HDDs.
Conclusion:
RAM is volatile memory because it loses its stored data when the power supply to the computer is turned off. This characteristic makes it suitable for storing data temporarily during the operation of programs and processes.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
RAM
20. When creating a computer program, the ……… designs the structure of the program
When creating a computer program, the System Analyst designs the structure of the program.
Explanation:
End user: End users are individuals who ultimately use the computer program or software application to perform tasks or achieve specific objectives. They typically do not design the structure of the program but interact with it for their operational needs.
System Analyst: A system analyst is responsible for analyzing, designing, and implementing information systems to meet the needs of organizations or businesses. They gather requirements from stakeholders, design system architectures, specify system components, and outline the structure of the software or system to be developed. System analysts play a crucial role in ensuring that the program meets the functional and non-functional requirements of users and stakeholders.
Programmer: Programmers (or developers) are responsible for writing the code and implementing the system based on the specifications and design provided by system analysts. They translate the design into a programming language, write algorithms, and debug the code to ensure the program functions correctly.
Conclusion:
While end users interact with the program to perform tasks and programmers implement the code, the system analyst is primarily responsible for designing the overall structure of the program. They ensure that the program meets the intended requirements, functionality, and usability specified by stakeholders and users.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
System Analyst
21. Which one of the following is NOT a computer language
Among the options listed, MS-Excel is not considered a computer programming language.
Explanation:
MS-Excel: Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet application primarily used for organizing, analyzing, and storing data in tabular form. While Excel includes functions and capabilities for performing calculations, creating charts, and analyzing data, it is not a programming language. Users can write formulas and scripts using Excel's built-in functions and macros, but these are not considered full-fledged programming languages like the others listed.
BASIC: BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) is a high-level programming language designed for beginners to learn programming. It has been widely used for educational purposes and creating simple applications.
COBOL: COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) is a programming language primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for writing applications such as those used for payroll, inventory management, and banking.
C++: C++ is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language derived from the C programming language. It is widely used for developing system software, game engines, applications, and embedded systems.
Conclusion:
While MS-Excel is a powerful tool for data manipulation and analysis, it is not classified as a programming language. Instead, it is an application software used for spreadsheets and data management tasks. The other options listed—BASIC, COBOL, and C++—are recognized programming languages used for developing software applications and systems.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
MS-Excel
22. The primary function of the ………… is to set up the hardware and load and start an operating system
The primary function of the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) is to set up the hardware and load and start an operating system.
Explanation:
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): BIOS is a firmware embedded on a motherboard that initializes and controls various hardware components when a computer is powered on. Its main functions include performing the Power-On Self Test (POST) to check hardware integrity, configuring hardware settings (like CPU, RAM, and storage), and providing the necessary instructions to boot the operating system from the storage device (such as HDD or SSD).
System Programs: System programs refer to software applications that facilitate the management and operation of a computer system. These programs include utilities for file management, disk maintenance, system configuration, and security tasks.
CP (Control Program): The term "CP" is not commonly used in this context. It could potentially refer to a Control Program in specific environments, but it's not a standard term for BIOS or system functionality.
Memory: While memory (RAM) is essential for storing and accessing data and instructions during computer operation, it is not responsible for setting up hardware or loading the operating system during the boot process.
Conclusion:
BIOS plays a critical role in the startup process of a computer system by initializing hardware, performing diagnostics, and loading the initial instructions needed to start the operating system. It ensures that the computer is ready for user interaction by setting up the foundational aspects of hardware configuration and software execution.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
BIOS
23. What is the purpose of the motherboard in a computer?
The motherboard in a computer serves the primary purpose of connecting and managing hardware components.
Explanation:
Connect and manage hardware components: The motherboard acts as a central hub that connects all essential components of a computer system. It provides the physical interface and electrical connections for components such as the CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM (Random Access Memory), storage devices (like HDDs and SSDs), expansion cards (such as graphics cards and sound cards), and peripheral devices (like USB devices and networking components). The motherboard also includes controllers and circuits that manage data flow between these components.
Process data: While the CPU, which is mounted on the motherboard, processes data, the motherboard itself does not perform data processing directly. It facilitates data transfer between components but does not actively process or manipulate data like the CPU.
Store data: The motherboard does not store data. Data storage is handled by storage devices such as HDDs, SSDs, or external storage media connected to the motherboard via interfaces like SATA or PCIe.
Display images: The motherboard does not directly handle the display of images. This task is managed by a separate graphics card (if dedicated) or integrated graphics processor, which may connect to the motherboard but operates independently for rendering and displaying images on a monitor.
Conclusion:
The motherboard is essential for the overall functionality of a computer system by providing connectivity and management of hardware components. It ensures that different parts of the computer can communicate effectively and work together to execute tasks and run software applications.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
To connect and manage hardware components
24. Which type of software provides a platform for other software to run on?
The type of software that provides a platform for other software to run on is system software.
Explanation:
System software: System software includes programs that provide a platform for running application software and managing computer hardware resources. It includes the operating system (like Windows, macOS, Linux) and system utilities that facilitate the operation of the computer system. System software manages memory, file systems, input/output devices, and other hardware components to ensure that application software can execute tasks effectively.
Application software: Application software refers to programs designed to perform specific tasks or provide services for users. Examples include word processors, web browsers, games, and productivity tools. Application software relies on system software for resources and to interact with the hardware.
Utility software: Utility software consists of programs that perform maintenance tasks, manage system resources, or provide diagnostic capabilities. Examples include antivirus software, disk cleaners, backup tools, and system optimizers. While utility software supports system functionality, it does not necessarily provide a platform for other software to run on as system software does.
Programming software: Programming software includes tools and environments used by programmers to develop software applications. Examples include integrated development environments (IDEs), compilers, debuggers, and text editors. Programming software aids in writing, testing, and debugging code but does not provide a platform for running other software.
Conclusion:
System software is essential for providing a foundational platform that supports the execution of application software. It manages hardware resources, provides services to applications, and ensures smooth operation of the computer system. Without system software, application software would not be able to function properly or interact with the underlying hardware.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
System software
25. ………. is the key we use to run the selected command
The key used to run the selected command or execute an action in various software applications is typically the ENTER key.
Explanation:
ENTER key: In most software interfaces, especially graphical user interfaces (GUIs), pressing the ENTER key is commonly used to confirm a selection, execute a command, or submit input. For example, in file managers or browsers, pressing ENTER on a selected file or link opens it. In text editors or word processors, pressing ENTER creates a new line or paragraph. In dialog boxes or forms, pressing ENTER often submits the entered data.
SHIFT key: The SHIFT key is primarily used to modify the behavior of other keys. It is used in combination with alphabetic keys to type uppercase letters, with numerical keys to type symbols, or with navigation keys to extend the selection range. It does not typically execute commands on its own.
TAB key: The TAB key is used for navigating between selectable elements or fields within a user interface. It moves the focus from one element to the next in a sequence, such as from one form field to another or between different sections of an application window.
CTRL key: The CTRL (Control) key is used in combination with other keys to perform specific functions, such as CTRL+C for copying, CTRL+V for pasting, CTRL+S for saving, and CTRL+Z for undoing actions. It is used for keyboard shortcuts rather than executing selected commands directly.
Conclusion:
While all these keys (SHIFT, TAB, ENTER, CTRL) have specific functions within software applications, the ENTER key is directly associated with executing or running the selected command or action in many contexts, making it the correct answer for the question.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
ENTER
26. To move a copy of file from one computer to another over a communication channel is called?
To move a copy of a file from one computer to another over a communication channel is typically referred to as file transfer.
Explanation:
File transfer: File transfer involves the process of copying files from one location to another, which could be between computers connected via a network or over the internet. This process allows users to share files, documents, media, or any digital content between devices. File transfer methods can include using file transfer protocols such as FTP (File Transfer Protocol), SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), or through cloud storage services.
File encryption: File encryption is the process of encoding information in a way that only authorized parties can access it. It is used to protect sensitive data during storage or transmission to prevent unauthorized access or tampering. While encryption can be part of file transfer for security reasons, it specifically focuses on securing data rather than the act of transferring files.
File modification: File modification refers to altering or changing the contents of a file, such as editing a document, updating a spreadsheet, or modifying an image. It involves making changes to the existing file rather than transferring it between computers.
File copying: File copying is the act of duplicating a file from one location to another within the same storage device or between different storage devices on the same computer. It involves creating an identical copy of the original file in a new location.
Conclusion:
In the context described, the action of moving a copy of a file from one computer to another explicitly refers to file transfer, which encompasses the process of transmitting files over a communication channel between separate computing devices.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
File transfer
27. VDU is also called
VDU stands for Visual Display Unit, which is synonymous with both screen and monitor in computing terminologies.
Explanation:
Screen: In computing, a screen refers to the physical surface where visual output from a computer is displayed. It includes the display area where text, graphics, and images are presented to the user.
Monitor: A monitor is a device that displays visual output from a computer. It includes the screen (display panel) as well as the electronics and casing that support the display functionality. Monitors come in various types such as CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), LED (Light Emitting Diode), and OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode).
Both 1 & 2: VDU (Visual Display Unit) is a term used interchangeably with both "screen" and "monitor" to refer to the visual output device of a computer system. It encompasses the physical display screen and its associated electronics that render visual information generated by the computer.
Printer: A printer is an output device that produces hard copies of digital documents or images on paper or other media. It is used to create permanent visual representations of digital content, unlike a VDU which is used for real-time display and interaction.
Conclusion:
Both "screen" and "monitor" are commonly used to describe the visual display unit (VDU) of a computer system. Therefore, the correct answer is:
Both 1 & 2
28. What is the purpose of the 'Ctrl + C' keyboard shortcut in most computer applications?
The 'Ctrl + C' keyboard shortcut in most computer applications is used for copying selected content.
Explanation:
Copy: When you press 'Ctrl + C' (or Command + C on Mac), it copies the selected text, files, or other content to the clipboard. The copied content remains in its original location and can be pasted into another location or document using the 'Ctrl + V' (or Command + V) shortcut.
Cut: The 'Ctrl + X' shortcut is used to cut selected content, which removes it from its original location and places it on the clipboard. Cut content can be pasted elsewhere using 'Ctrl + V'.
Paste: The 'Ctrl + V' shortcut is used to paste content from the clipboard into the current location. This action inserts the copied or cut content at the cursor's position.
Undo: The 'Ctrl + Z' shortcut is used to undo the last action performed, whether it was typing, deleting, formatting, or other operations depending on the application.
Conclusion:
In the context of keyboard shortcuts:
Ctrl + C is used for copying selected content to the clipboard.
Ctrl + X is used for cutting selected content to the clipboard.
Ctrl + V is used for pasting content from the clipboard.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Copy
29. DOS stands for
DOS stands for Disk Operating System.
Explanation:
Disk Operating System: DOS is a term used to describe early operating systems that were primarily designed to manage and control disk operations on personal computers. The most well-known DOS is MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), which was developed by Microsoft and widely used during the 1980s and early 1990s. DOS provides the basic functionality to manage files, run applications, and interact with hardware devices using a command-line interface.
Disk operating session: This term is not a commonly recognized acronym or description for an operating system. It does not accurately describe the function or historical context of DOS.
Digital Operating System: While "digital" can refer to computer-based operations, there is no widely recognized operating system known as "Digital Operating System." It does not correspond to the common understanding of DOS.
Digital Open system: This phrase does not represent an operating system acronym or term commonly used in computing. It does not describe an operating system or its functionality.
Conclusion:
DOS, specifically Disk Operating System, refers to early operating systems focused on disk management and was crucial in the development of personal computing. MS-DOS, for example, was foundational for the growth of the PC industry and remains influential in computing history.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Disk Operating System
30. A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language is called a/an
A computer program that converts an entire program into machine language is called a compiler.
Explanation:
Compiler: A compiler is a software tool that translates the entire source code of a program written in a high-level programming language (like C, C++, Java) into machine code or executable code that the computer's processor can directly execute. The process involves several stages: lexical analysis (breaking down the source code into tokens), syntax analysis (parsing the tokens into a parse tree), semantic analysis (checking the semantics and producing intermediate code), optimization (improving the efficiency of the intermediate code), and code generation (producing the final machine code).
Interpreter: An interpreter, in contrast to a compiler, translates and executes the source code line by line or statement by statement, without converting the entire program into machine code first. It interprets and executes the code directly, often without producing a separate executable file.
Simulator: A simulator is a program that models the behavior of a system or process. It is used to study the behavior of a system under different conditions or to simulate real-world scenarios. It does not convert high-level code into machine code like a compiler does.
Commander: This term does not correspond to a computer program that converts high-level code into machine language. It does not describe a specific software tool or process related to programming or compiling.
Conclusion:
A compiler is essential in software development for converting human-readable source code into executable machine code, enabling the computer to execute programs efficiently.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Compiler
31. The output quality of a printer is measured by
The output quality of a printer is primarily measured by dots per inch (DPI).
Explanation:
Dots per inch (DPI): This metric indicates the resolution or clarity of printed output. DPI refers to the number of individual dots of ink or toner that a printer can produce in a linear inch. Higher DPI values generally result in sharper and more detailed prints, especially noticeable in images, graphics, and fine text.
Dot per square inch: This term is less commonly used to measure printer output quality compared to DPI. It does not accurately describe the resolution or clarity of printed output as directly as DPI does.
Dots printed per unit time: This measures the printing speed of a printer, not its output quality. It refers to the number of dots or pages that a printer can produce within a specific timeframe (e.g., pages per minute).
All of the above: While DPI is the primary measure of output quality, the phrase "All of above" is not accurate because DPI and dots per square inch are related but not interchangeable terms, and dots printed per unit time measures speed, not quality.
Conclusion:
DPI is the standard measurement used to assess the resolution and quality of printed output from a printer. Higher DPI generally correlates with better print quality, especially for detailed images and text.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Dot per inch (DPI)
32. BCD is
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal.
Explanation:
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD): BCD is a binary encoding of decimal numbers where each decimal digit (0-9) is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent. For example, the decimal number 7 is represented as 0111 in BCD. BCD is often used in digital systems where decimal numbers need to be processed and displayed, such as in digital clocks, calculators, and some types of data storage.
Bit Coded Decimal: This term is not a recognized acronym or term in computing. It does not accurately describe the encoding of decimal digits in binary form.
Binary Coded Digit: Similar to "Bit Coded Decimal," this term is not a standard acronym or term in computing. It does not correspond to the encoding of decimal digits in binary form.
Bit Coded Digit: This term is not commonly used in computing. It does not accurately describe the encoding of decimal numbers using binary digits.
Conclusion:
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is specifically used to encode decimal digits into binary form for processing and storage in digital systems. It facilitates accurate representation and manipulation of decimal numbers in binary form.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)
33. What is the purpose of a computer's power supply unit (PSU)?
The purpose of a computer's Power Supply Unit (PSU) is to provide power to internal components.
Explanation:
Provide power to internal components: The PSU in a computer is responsible for converting AC (alternating current) power from the wall outlet into DC (direct current) power that the computer's internal components require to operate. It supplies power to the motherboard, CPU (Central Processing Unit), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), drives (such as hard drives and SSDs), and other peripherals connected to the computer.
To store data: Storing data is the function of storage devices such as hard drives, SSDs, and external storage. The PSU does not have any role in storing data.
To display images: Displaying images on a monitor is handled by the graphics card (GPU) and its connection to the monitor. The PSU does not directly influence the display of images.
To connect to the internet: Connecting to the internet requires a network interface (such as Ethernet or Wi-Fi) and is managed by the motherboard and networking hardware. The PSU does not facilitate internet connectivity.
Conclusion:
The primary function of a computer's Power Supply Unit (PSU) is to convert and supply electrical power to the internal components of the computer, ensuring that they receive the necessary voltage and current to operate reliably.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
To provide power to internal components
34. The computer size was very large in
The size of computers was generally very large during the First Generation.
Explanation:
First Generation (1940s-1950s): Computers during the first generation were characterized by large physical sizes and occupied entire rooms. They were built using vacuum tubes and had limited computational power compared to modern standards. Examples of first-generation computers include the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer).
Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Computers in the second generation saw advancements with the use of transistors, which made them smaller, faster, and more reliable than their predecessors. They still required large air-conditioned rooms due to the heat generated by the components.
Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Third-generation computers featured integrated circuits (ICs), which further reduced their size and improved performance. They were smaller and more affordable than earlier generations, leading to increased accessibility.
Fourth Generation (1970s-present): Fourth-generation computers introduced microprocessors, which significantly reduced size and power consumption. This era marked the beginning of personal computers (PCs) and the proliferation of computing devices in various forms.
Conclusion:
During the First Generation of computers, from the 1940s to the 1950s, computers were exceptionally large and required extensive physical space to house their components, including vacuum tubes and large-scale electronic circuits.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
First Generation
35. Which device is required for the Internet connection?
The device required for an Internet connection is a Modem.
Explanation:
Modem (Modulator-Demodulator): A modem is a device that enables computers to transmit data over telephone lines or cable systems. It modulates digital data from a computer into analog signals suitable for transmission over telephone lines (for DSL modems) or digital signals for cable systems. It also demodulates received analog or digital signals back into digital data that computers can understand. Modems are essential for establishing a connection to the Internet via DSL, cable, fiber optic, or satellite networks.
Joystick: A joystick is an input device primarily used for playing games and controlling motion or direction in gaming applications. It is not related to establishing an Internet connection.
CD Drive: A CD drive is a device used to read and write data to optical discs such as CDs and DVDs. It is used for data storage and retrieval, not for Internet connectivity.
NIC Card (Network Interface Card): A NIC is a hardware component that enables a computer to connect to a network, such as a local area network (LAN) or the Internet. While a NIC is essential for local network connectivity, it alone does not establish an Internet connection without additional networking devices like a modem or router.
Conclusion:
To connect a computer to the Internet, you typically need a modem (or a modem-router combination for some technologies like DSL or cable) to establish the connection to your Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Modem
36. Office LANS, which are scattered geographically on large scale, can be connected by the use of corporate
Office LANs (Local Area Networks) that are scattered geographically on a large scale can be connected by the use of a WAN (Wide Area Network).
Explanation:
LAN (Local Area Network): A LAN is a network that typically spans a small area, such as a single building or a campus. It connects computers and devices within that limited geographic area, allowing them to share resources like files, printers, and internet access.
WAN (Wide Area Network): A WAN is a network that covers a broad area, such as a city, region, country, or even globally. WANs connect multiple LANs and other types of networks together over longer distances using leased lines, satellite links, or other communication technologies. They enable organizations to interconnect geographically dispersed offices or locations into a unified network.
CAN (Campus Area Network): A CAN is a network that connects multiple LANs within a limited geographic area, such as a university campus or an industrial complex. It is larger in scale than a LAN but smaller than a WAN and is designed to interconnect multiple buildings or sites within close proximity.
DAN (Desktop Area Network): DAN is not a standard networking term and is not used in the context of connecting geographically dispersed office LANs.
Conclusion:
For connecting geographically scattered office LANs on a large scale, organizations typically use a WAN. A WAN allows for the efficient and secure communication between different locations, facilitating data sharing, centralized management, and access to centralized resources.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
WAN
37. What is the purpose of the Windows Task Manager?
The purpose of the Windows Task Manager is to manage running processes and applications.
Explanation:
Managing running processes and applications: The Task Manager in Windows provides a real-time view of the programs, processes, and services running on your computer. It allows users to monitor system performance, view detailed information about CPU, memory, disk usage, and network activity. Most importantly, it enables users to manage running applications and processes by allowing them to end tasks, restart applications, or start new processes.
Creating new files: This function is typically performed through applications such as text editors, word processors, or file management tools, not through the Task Manager.
Organizing folders: Folder organization and management are tasks performed within File Explorer or other file management tools in Windows, not within the Task Manager.
Browsing the internet: Internet browsing is done through web browsers like Chrome, Firefox, or Edge, not through the Task Manager.
Conclusion:
The Windows Task Manager is a powerful tool for monitoring and managing the performance of your computer, including managing running applications, processes, and system resources. It helps users troubleshoot performance issues, terminate unresponsive applications, and optimize system performance.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
To manage running processes and applications
38. ALU is
ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit.
Explanation:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): ALU is a fundamental component of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It is responsible for performing arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) operations on binary numbers. The ALU is where most of the computational work in a CPU takes place, manipulating data according to the instructions of a program.
Array Logic Unit: This term is not a recognized computing term and does not correspond to a specific component or unit within a computer system.
Application Logic Unit: This term is not commonly used in computing and does not refer to a specific component or unit within a computer system.
None of above: This option is incorrect as ALU is a well-established term in computer architecture.
Conclusion:
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a critical component of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on binary data, essential for executing instructions and processing data in a computer system.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
39. A CPU contains
A CPU (Central Processing Unit) typically contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
Explanation:
Control Unit: The control unit is responsible for directing the operations of the CPU. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and coordinates the execution of these instructions by directing the data flow between the CPU's components and other parts of the computer system. It manages the operation of the entire CPU.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical (AND, OR, NOT, XOR) operations on binary data. It is the primary computational engine of the CPU and executes the arithmetic and logic instructions provided by the control unit.
Let's clarify the other options:
A card reader and a printing device: These are input/output devices used to read data from cards (such as punch cards) and to print output, respectively. They are not typically part of the CPU itself but are peripherals connected to the computer system.
An analytical engine and a control unit: The analytical engine is a historical term referring to a hypothetical mechanical general-purpose computer proposed by Charles Babbage in the 19th century. It is not part of modern CPUs.
An arithmetic logic unit and a card reader: While an ALU is indeed part of the CPU, a card reader is an input device used to read data from cards and is not typically integrated into the CPU itself.
Conclusion:
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) contains a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) as its primary components. These units work together to execute instructions, perform calculations, and manage data flow within the computer system.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
A control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
40. Which computer storage unit is the largest in terms of capacity?
In terms of capacity, the largest computer storage unit listed among the options is the Terabyte (TB). Here's a breakdown of each unit:
Bit: The smallest unit of data in computing. It can represent either a 0 or a 1.
Byte: Consists of 8 bits. Bytes are commonly used to measure small amounts of data, like a single character in text.
Kilobyte (KB): Approximately 1,024 bytes. Often used to quantify small to moderate amounts of data, such as a short email or a simple text document.
Terabyte (TB): Approximately 1 trillion bytes or 1,024 gigabytes (GB). Terabytes are used to measure very large amounts of data, such as extensive databases, high-definition video files, or large collections of photos.
So, a Terabyte (TB) is significantly larger than a Kilobyte (KB) in terms of storage capacity. As technology advances, larger units like Petabytes (PB) and Exabytes (EB) have become more common for measuring vast amounts of data.
41. which one is used to install and remove packages and control downloading them from a repository
The correct answer is yum.
Here’s an explanation of each option:
rpm: Stands for "Red Hat Package Manager". It is a command-line package management tool used for installing, uninstalling, querying, verifying, and updating software packages on RPM-based Linux distributions like Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), CentOS, Fedora, etc. RPM directly installs packages but does not handle dependencies automatically.
who: The who command is used to display information about currently logged-in users on a Unix-like system. It shows details such as usernames, terminal names, login times, etc. It is not related to package management.
yum: Stands for "Yellowdog Updater Modified". It is a command-line package management utility for RPM-compatible Linux distributions. Yum is used primarily to install, update, and remove packages from a system. It also manages dependencies, meaning it can automatically download and install any other packages needed by the software you want to install. Yum interacts with online repositories to fetch and install software packages.
Is: This appears to be a typo or an incomplete option. It doesn't relate to package management or system administration in Unix-like systems.
Therefore, yum is the tool used to install and remove packages, as well as control downloading them from a repository, on RPM-based Linux distributions.
42. What is the primary goal of cloud monitoring and management tools?
The primary goal of cloud monitoring and management tools is to optimize cloud performance and resource usage. Here's a detailed explanation:
Cloud monitoring and management tools are designed to provide insights into the performance, availability, and usage of cloud resources such as virtual machines, databases, storage, and applications. Their key objectives include:
Performance Optimization: These tools monitor the performance metrics of cloud resources in real-time or over a period. By analyzing these metrics, administrators can identify bottlenecks, optimize resource allocation, and improve overall system performance.
Resource Usage Efficiency: Cloud environments can be dynamic, with resources being provisioned and de-provisioned as needed. Monitoring tools help in tracking resource usage patterns, identifying unused or underutilized resources, and right-sizing instances to match workload demands. This optimization aims to maximize resource efficiency and minimize unnecessary costs.
Cost Management: Effective cloud management tools provide insights into cost drivers within the cloud environment. By monitoring resource usage and analyzing cost metrics, organizations can make informed decisions about optimizing their cloud spending, avoiding unexpected bills, and ensuring cost-effective use of cloud resources.
Security and Compliance: While not directly mentioned in the options, many cloud management tools also include features for monitoring security metrics and compliance with regulatory requirements. This helps in maintaining a secure and compliant cloud environment.
Therefore, the primary goal of cloud monitoring and management tools is to enhance the efficiency and performance of cloud deployments while ensuring optimal resource utilization and cost management, rather than slowing down services, increasing costs, or compromising data security.
43. EEPROM stands for
EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. Here's an explanation of each part of the acronym:
Electrically Erasable: This indicates that the memory can be erased and reprogrammed electrically, meaning it doesn't require exposure to ultraviolet light (as was the case with earlier EPROM technology) for erasure.
Programmable: EEPROM can be programmed (written to) and reprogrammed (erased and rewritten) multiple times.
Read Only Memory: Despite being erasable and programmable, EEPROM retains its data even when power is turned off, similar to traditional ROM (Read Only Memory).
So, the correct answer is Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
44. How many bits are there in a byte?
Bit (Binary Digit):
• A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing.
• It can represent two states: 0 or 1, which correspond to the binary numbering system used in digital electronics.
• Multiple bits are combined to represent more complex information.
Byte:
• A byte consists of 8 bits.
• It is the basic unit of storage in computer systems.
• Bytes are used to encode characters (like letters, numbers, and symbols) in text, as well as to store numerical data and instructions for computer operations.
• Larger units of data, such as kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), and terabytes (TB), are measured in terms of bytes.
Why 8 bits in a byte?
• The choice of 8 bits per byte is largely historical and practical.
• It allows for encoding a wide range of characters (256 possibilities, because 28=256).
• It provides a convenient size for computer operations and memory addressing in early computer architectures.
• Today, 8 bits per byte remains the standard across most computer systems and programming languages.
Understanding bits and bytes is fundamental to comprehending how computers store and process information, making them essential concepts in computer science and digital technology.
45. What is the primary function of the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) battery in a computer?
The primary function of the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) battery in a computer is to maintain the computer's real-time clock and BIOS settings. Here’s a detailed explanation of its role:
Real-Time Clock (RTC): The CMOS battery powers the real-time clock (RTC) chip on the motherboard. The RTC chip keeps track of the current date and time even when the computer is powered off. This function is crucial for applications that require accurate timekeeping, such as scheduling tasks, logging events, and ensuring proper synchronization in networks.
BIOS Settings: The Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) is firmware stored on a chip on the motherboard. It contains settings that control how the computer boots up and initializes hardware components. These settings include parameters like boot device order, system date and time, CPU and memory configurations, and various other hardware settings. The CMOS battery ensures that these settings are retained even when the main power to the computer is turned off.
Backup RAM: The CMOS battery also provides power to a small amount of volatile memory (often referred to as CMOS RAM or NVRAM - Non-Volatile RAM) where BIOS settings are stored. This allows the BIOS to retain its settings when the computer is unplugged or powered off temporarily.
Data Storage: The CMOS battery is not used for permanent data storage or creating backups of user data. It is designed to maintain essential system settings and the real-time clock.
In summary, the CMOS battery plays a critical role in ensuring that a computer can retain its BIOS settings and keep accurate time even when it is powered off. This function is essential for the proper functioning and reliability of the computer system.
46. What is the term for the process of reducing the dimensionality of data while preserving its essential features?
The term for the process of reducing the dimensionality of data while preserving its essential features is Dimensionality reduction.
Explanation:
Dimensionality reduction is a technique used in machine learning and data analysis to reduce the number of input variables (or features) in a dataset. This process aims to simplify the dataset while retaining as much useful information as possible.
Purpose: By reducing the number of features, dimensionality reduction can alleviate issues such as the curse of dimensionality (where the performance of machine learning algorithms deteriorates as the number of features increases), reduce computational costs, and sometimes improve the performance of models by focusing on the most important features.
Methods: There are various methods for dimensionality reduction, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), and others. These methods work by transforming the original high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space while preserving certain characteristics or relationships between data points.
Contrast with other terms:
Clustering: Involves grouping similar data points together based on their characteristics.
Classification: Involves predicting the class label of data points based on input features.
Regression: Involves predicting continuous numerical values based on input variables.
In summary, dimensionality reduction specifically refers to the process of transforming high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional representation while retaining important information, which is crucial for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of data analysis and machine learning tasks.
47. What is the term for a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate software but can damage, disrupt, or compromise the computer or data?
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<p>A Trojan horse is a type of malware that deceives users by appearing as legitimate software but contains harmful code. It can steal data, damage files, or grant unauthorized access. Named after the mythological horse used to infiltrate Troy, it remains a serious cybersecurity threat worldwide.</p>
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48. Which Network will be used to connect computers located in one room, building or premises?
<p>A LAN (Local Area Network) connects computers and devices within a limited area like a building or campus, facilitating high-speed data transfer, low latency, and secure communication. It contrasts with larger networks like MANs and WANs, which cover broader geographical areas with varying technologies for connectivity.</p>
49. The difference between people with access to computers and the Internet and those without this access is known as the :
<p>The digital divide describes the disparity between those who have access to computers and the internet and those who do not. It impacts access to information, education, jobs, and services, influenced by factors like socioeconomic status and geographic location, posing challenges to global digital inclusion efforts.</p>
50. What does "debugging" refer to in programming?
<p>Debugging in programming is the essential process of identifying and fixing errors or bugs in code to ensure software operates correctly. It involves systematic steps like bug identification, isolation, and correction using tools like debuggers within integrated development environments (IDEs).</p>
51. Which type of UI typically requires knowledge of specific commands and syntax?
<p>A Command-Line Interface (CLI) requires users to know specific commands and syntax to interact with the system. It involves typing commands to perform tasks, offering precise control and efficiency. Examples include Unix/Linux shells and Windows Command Prompt or PowerShell, used primarily by system administrators and developers.</p>
52. What is clock frequency often referred to as in CPU specifications?
<p>In CPU specifications, clock frequency, measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz), indicates the speed at which a CPU executes instructions. One MHz equals one million cycles per second, and one GHz equals one billion cycles per second. Higher clock frequencies generally denote faster processing capabilities.</p>
53. In file management, what does "copy and paste" refer to?
<p>In file management, "copy and paste" creates a duplicate of a file or folder. Using "copy" places the item in the clipboard, and "paste" duplicates it in a new location. This operation is useful for creating backups, distributing files, or preserving originals while modifying duplicates.</p>
54. What is a firewall rule in the context of computer security?
<p>A firewall rule is a security guideline that controls network traffic by allowing or blocking specific types based on criteria like IP addresses, ports, and protocols. These rules help enforce security policies, protect against unauthorized access, and mitigate network attacks, ensuring secure and regulated network communication.</p>
55. . What is "sidechain compression" used for in digital audio production?
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<p>Sidechain compression is used in digital audio production to dynamically lower the volume of one track in response to another track's audio. This technique, often called "ducking," ensures key elements like kick drums or voiceovers stand out by reducing the volume of background elements, improving mix clarity and balance.</p>
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56. Which IoT connectivity technology is known for its low power consumption and is commonly used in wearable devices?
<p>Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is ideal for wearable devices due to its low power consumption, allowing continuous data transmission without quickly draining the battery. Unlike Wi-Fi, Zigbee, or NFC, BLE balances power efficiency and connectivity, making it the preferred choice for devices like fitness trackers and smartwatches.</p>
57. What is the primary function of the CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) battery in a computer?
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<p>The CMOS battery maintains the computer's real-time clock and BIOS settings when powered off, ensuring accurate timekeeping and system configuration retention. It provides backup power to the CMOS chip, preserving essential settings and clock functions, but does not store user data or provide processing power.</p>
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58. What software is commonly used for designing and printing labels and envelopes?
<p>Label design software specializes in creating and printing labels and envelopes, offering templates, text and graphics tools, database integration, and precise printing options. Examples include Adobe InDesign, Avery Design & Print Online, and Microsoft Word with label templates. It differs from general word processing, spreadsheet, and presentation software.</p>
59. What is the term for a type of malware that disguises itself as legitimate software but can damage, disrupt, or compromise the computer or data?
<p>A Trojan horse is malware that disguises itself as legitimate software to deceive users into installing it. Once installed, it can perform various malicious actions like stealing data or creating backdoors, operating covertly in the background, making it particularly dangerous.</p>
60. Which of the following device was not invented by Babbage?
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<p>The Pascaline, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642, was an early mechanical calculator for addition and subtraction. Charles Babbage, however, designed the Difference Engine in the 1820s for polynomial calculations and the Analytical Engine in the 1830s-1840s, which is considered the first design for a general-purpose computer.</p>
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61. UNIVAC was a first generation computer. What is its full form?
<p>UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was developed in the early 1950s by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, pioneers of early computing. It was notable for being one of the first commercially available computers, utilizing vacuum tubes and mercury delay lines, and gained fame for predicting the 1952 U.S. presidential election outcome.</p>
62. Which of the following items are examples of storage devices?
<p>All of the above options (Floppy disks, Hard disks, CD-ROMs, and Tape devices) are examples of storage devices used across computing history. Each type serves specific purposes, from small-scale data transfer (floppy disks) to large-scale storage and archival (tape devices), adapting to evolving data storage needs.</p>
63. Which of the following is not a feature of first generation computers
<p>None of the above is the correct answer because all statements accurately describe features of first-generation computers. These computers indeed used vacuum tubes, consumed large amounts of electricity, produced significant heat, and utilized machine language or assembly language for programming, marking the initial phase of electronic computing technology.</p>
64. Personnel who design, program, operates and maintains computer equipment refers to
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<p>Peopleware collectively refers to the human elements involved in computing, encompassing roles such as programmers, system analysts, console operators, and maintenance technicians. These professionals contribute to designing, programming, operating, and maintaining computer systems, emphasizing the critical role of human expertise alongside technology in IT operations.</p>
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65. In what respect human beings are superior to computers?
<p>Human superiority over computers lies primarily in intelligence. Unlike machines, humans possess innate cognitive abilities such as critical thinking, creativity, emotional understanding, and ethical reasoning. These qualities enable humans to navigate complex and uncertain situations, adapt creatively, and make decisions beyond the scope of programmed algorithms.</p>
66. Who used punched cards practically for the first time in the history of computers?
<p>Dr. Herman Hollerith pioneered practical use of punched cards for data processing during the 1890 U.S. Census, revolutionizing data tabulation speed and efficiency. His invention laid crucial groundwork for modern computing and business automation, influencing subsequent developments in the computer industry, particularly through his company's evolution into IBM.</p>
67. What is "green screen" or "chroma key" used for in video editing?
<p>Green screen or chroma key technology in video editing effectively removes a green or blue background from footage, enabling editors to replace it with a different background. This technique is widely used in filmmaking, television, and online content creation to place subjects in new environments and enhance visual storytelling.</p>
68. Which of the following actions can help protect personal data when using public Wi-Fi networks?
<p>Enabling a virtual private network (VPN) is effective because it encrypts data transmitted over public Wi-Fi, protecting it from interception by encrypting it from end to end. This ensures that even if the network is compromised, your data remains secure and private.</p>
69. What is the best way to verify the authenticity of a website before entering personal information or making online purchases?
<p>Checking for a padlock icon and "https://" in the browser's address bar is reliable because it indicates the website uses SSL/TLS encryption, ensuring secure data transmission. This method helps verify a website's authenticity and reduces risks associated with phishing, malware, and unauthorized data access during online interactions.</p>
70. laser Printer is also known as
<p>A laser printer is specifically known as a page printer because it prints an entire page at a time using a laser beam to create an electrostatic image on a drum, which attracts toner and transfers it to paper. This distinguishes it from thermal and impact printers which operate differently in terms of printing mechanism and application.</p>
71. Computers with 80286 microprocessor is
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<p>Computers with the 80286 microprocessor are commonly referred to as AT computers. Introduced as successors to XT models by IBM, they featured a 16-bit external data bus, enhanced performance, and greater RAM capacity. AT computers played a crucial role in advancing personal computing capabilities in the late 1980s and early 1990s.</p>
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72. IBM System/360 is
<p>The IBM System/360 is indeed classified as a mainframe computer. Introduced in 1964, it revolutionized computing by offering a range of compatible systems, setting a new standard for scalability and flexibility. Its impact was profound, shaping the future of mainframe technology and its role in large-scale data processing for decades to come.</p>
73. Which of the following is not processing?
<p>Among the terms provided—arranging, manipulating, calculating, and gathering—gathering is distinct as it primarily involves collecting or assembling data from various sources or contexts. Unlike arranging, manipulating, or calculating, which involve altering or analyzing data, gathering focuses on the initial collection phase without transformative actions or analysis.</p>
74. A kind of serial dot-matrix printer that forms characters with magnetically-charged ink sprayed dots is called
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<p>An ink-jet printer forms characters using magnetically-charged ink sprayed as tiny droplets onto paper. This process, involving vaporization and bubble formation to propel ink, allows for precise dot placement, making ink-jet printers versatile for text and image printing, suitable for both home and office use compared to other printer types like laser or drum printers.</p>
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75. Who invented Analytical engine?
<p>Charles Babbage, known as the "father of computing," conceptualized the Analytical Engine in the mid-1830s. This mechanical design, featuring a CPU, memory, and programmability via punched cards, pioneered the fundamental concepts of modern computers despite never being fully constructed in his lifetime, profoundly influencing the development of computing technology.</p>
76. Which statement is valid about interpreter?
The statement that is valid about an interpreter is:
It translates one instruction at a time.
Here's an explanation of each option provided:
It translates one instruction at a time:
Explanation: An interpreter processes and executes code line-by-line or instruction-by-instruction. It reads each line of source code, translates it into machine code or intermediate code, and immediately executes it. This process repeats for each subsequent line or instruction in the program.
Characteristic: Interpreters are known for their ability to provide immediate feedback and execution of code without the need for a separate compilation step.
Object code is saved for future use:
Explanation: This statement does not accurately describe the typical behavior of an interpreter. Interpreters do not produce object code (compiled code) that is saved for future execution. Instead, they directly execute code from the source or intermediate representation.
Repeated interpretation is not necessary:
Explanation: Interpreters typically require repeated interpretation of code each time it is executed. Unlike compiled programs, which are translated into machine code once and can be executed repeatedly without recompilation, interpreters interpret code anew each time it runs.
All of the above:
Explanation: Since the first statement ("It translates one instruction at a time") is valid for interpreters, and the other statements are not accurate for interpreters, the option "All of above" is not correct.
In summary, the valid statement about an interpreter is that it translates one instruction at a time, providing immediate execution of code but without producing compiled object code for future use.
77. When was Pascaline invented?
<p>Blaise Pascal's invention of the Pascaline in 1642 marked a significant advancement in early computing history. As one of the first mechanical calculators, it pioneered the automation of arithmetic operations using gears and wheels, laying the foundation for subsequent developments in computing technology over the centuries.</p>
78. What is the primary function of a light sensor?
<p>Light sensors, or photodetectors, are electronic devices designed to detect and measure light levels. They convert light energy into electrical signals, used in applications like automatic lighting systems, photography, solar panels, and display brightness control. Their role ensures accurate light monitoring for energy efficiency and optimal performance in various technological contexts.</p>
79. What should individuals do to protect their personal information and privacy when using social media platforms?
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<p>To protect personal information on social media, individuals should regularly adjust privacy settings, avoid sharing sensitive details openly, verify friend requests, and use strong, unique passwords with two-factor authentication. These practices help prevent unauthorized access and mitigate risks associated with identity theft and privacy breaches.</p>
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80. What is the primary function of a file attribute like "read-only" in a file system?
<p>The "read-only" attribute in a file system is essential for protecting files from unintended modifications. It ensures that critical documents or system files cannot be altered accidentally or by unauthorized users, maintaining data integrity and controlling access to sensitive information within collaborative environments or archival systems.</p>
81. Which cloud deployment model is suitable for organizations that want to share cloud resources with specific partners or collaborators?
<p>Community cloud is ideal for organizations needing to share cloud resources with specific partners or collaborators who have similar requirements, such as regulatory compliance or security standards. It allows for shared infrastructure while maintaining higher control and privacy compared to public cloud, fostering collaboration and leveraging economies of scale within the community.</p>
82. What is the best tool for cleaning dust and debris from the inside of a computer case?
<p>A can of compressed air is the recommended tool for cleaning inside a computer case because it effectively removes dust and debris from components like fans and heatsinks without introducing moisture, which could damage electronics. It's safe, convenient, and helps maintain optimal performance by preventing overheating and hardware issues caused by dust buildup.</p>
83. What is the term for the ability of a machine learning model to make accurate predictions on unseen data?
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<p>Generalization in machine learning refers to a model's ability to accurately predict outcomes on new, unseen data that it was not trained on. It signifies that the model has learned underlying patterns from the training data without overfitting to noise or underfitting due to oversimplified assumptions, ensuring reliable performance in real-world applications.</p>
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84. What software is commonly used for designing and printing labels and envelopes?
<p>Label design software is uniquely tailored for creating and printing labels and envelopes, offering specialized tools like templates, graphics, and printing configurations. Unlike word processing, spreadsheet, or presentation software, which lack specific design features, label design software ensures precise layout customization and optimal print settings, making it ideal for professional label and envelope production tasks.</p>
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85. Which storage device has the fastest data access times among the options listed?
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<p>Solid-State Drives (SSDs) outperform other storage devices like hard drives, optical drives, and magnetic tape in terms of data access times due to their electronic storage mechanism without moving parts. This allows SSDs to achieve faster read and write operations, making them ideal for applications demanding high-speed data retrieval and responsiveness.</p>
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86. Which feature in spreadsheet software is used for performing calculations based on cell values?
The feature in spreadsheet software used for performing calculations based on cell values is Formula. Here's an explanation of each option and why Formula is the correct feature for performing calculations:
Sort:
Explanation: Sorting rearranges data in a spreadsheet based on specified criteria, such as alphabetical order or numerical order.
Usage: Sorting does not perform calculations based on cell values but rather organizes data rows or columns.
Filter:
Explanation: Filtering displays only specific rows of data that meet certain criteria, hiding rows that do not match the filter conditions.
Usage: Filtering helps in analyzing data subsets but does not perform calculations on cell values directly.
Formula:
Explanation: Formulas in spreadsheet software are used to perform calculations based on values entered into cells. They can include mathematical operations (like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), functions (like SUM, AVERAGE, IF), and cell references.
Usage: Formulas allow users to automate calculations across multiple cells and update results dynamically as cell values change. They are essential for performing numerical analyses, financial modeling, data aggregation, and other computational tasks within spreadsheets.
Chart:
Explanation: Charts visually represent data trends and comparisons using graphical elements such as bars, lines, or pie slices.
Usage: Charts visualize data and trends but do not directly perform calculations on cell values. They are used for data presentation rather than computation.
Key Points:
Formula is specifically designed for performing calculations based on cell values in spreadsheet software.
It allows users to define mathematical operations and functions to manipulate data dynamically.
Formulas are versatile and essential for creating complex calculations and analyses within spreadsheets, making them a fundamental feature for numerical tasks.
In summary, Formula is the feature in spreadsheet software that enables users to perform calculations based on cell values, providing powerful functionality for data manipulation and analysis.
87. What is a "conditional statement" in programming?
<p>A conditional statement in programming, such as those used with if, else if, and else keywords, allows software to execute different actions based on specific conditions. This capability is essential for creating dynamic and responsive programs that can adapt their behavior based on user input or changing circumstances during runtime.</p>
88. What is System Software?
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<p>System software, exemplified by operating systems like Windows, macOS, and Linux, bridges the gap between computer hardware and user applications. It oversees hardware resources, offers a user interface, and facilitates seamless communication between hardware and software. This integration ensures efficient interaction, enabling users to utilize computers effectively across diverse tasks and functions.</p>
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89. Which of the following is NOT a common feature of online collaboration tools for document editing and sharing?
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<p>Social media integration, which involves direct collaboration within social platforms like Facebook or Twitter for document editing and sharing, is not a common feature in dedicated online collaboration tools. While some tools may offer sharing options to social media, they typically focus on real-time collaboration, version history, and file synchronization within their own platforms for document management and teamwork.</p>
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90. What does the "URL" stand for in the context of web browsing?
<p>A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) serves as a standardized address that uniquely identifies resources on the internet, including web pages, files, and documents. It plays a crucial role in web browsing by allowing users to navigate directly to specific content and facilitating seamless integration through hyperlinking within web pages.</p>
91. In world today, most of the computers are
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<p>Digital computers, relying on binary digits (0s and 1s) for processing and storing data, dominate due to their precision, versatility across tasks, and scalability in computing power and storage. They enable complex calculations, data analysis, and support for modern applications from personal devices to supercomputers, driving technological progress across industries globally.</p>
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92. Which of the following is available in the form of a PC now?
<p>Microcomputers, commonly known as personal computers (PCs), are available in various forms such as desktops, laptops, and tablets, catering to individual users' computing needs. They are distinct from mainframes and minicomputers, which are specialized for large-scale data handling and server applications, making microcomputers the prevalent choice for personal and small-business computing today.</p>
93. Microprocessors as switching devices are for which generation computers
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<p>Microprocessors, introduced in the fourth generation of computers, revolutionized computing by consolidating the CPU's functions onto a single semiconductor chip. This advancement enabled smaller, more powerful, and energy-efficient computers, facilitating the development of personal computers and expanding computing applications across various industries, shaping the modern technological landscape significantly.</p>
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94. The first web browser is
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<p>Mosaic stands out historically as the pioneering web browser that introduced graphical capabilities, integrating text and images on web pages for the first time. Its user-friendly interface and innovations were pivotal in popularizing the World Wide Web, laying the foundation for modern web browsing experiences and influencing subsequent browsers like Netscape Navigator.</p>
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95. PARAM is an example of: Super computer PC Laptop PDA
<p>PARAM refers to a series of supercomputers developed by C-DAC in India, emphasizing their role in advancing scientific and technological research through high computational power. Unlike PCs, laptops, or PDAs, PARAM supercomputers are specialized for complex calculations, weather forecasting, and scientific simulations, highlighting their distinct role in advanced computing applications.</p>
96. The two major types of computer chips are
<p>In computing, microprocessor chips (CPU) and memory chips (both RAM for temporary storage and external storage like SSDs and HDDs for permanent storage) are essential components. The microprocessor handles processing tasks and execution of instructions, while memory chips manage data storage and retrieval, ensuring efficient operation and functionality of computer systems by balancing processing power with storage capacity.</p>
97. ………. are high-end printers
<p>High-end printers, like laser printers, are favored in professional settings due to their exceptional speed, quality output, and durability. They excel in handling large volumes of printing efficiently, making them ideal for offices and businesses where reliability and productivity are paramount. Laser printers are thus recognized as top-tier choices for demanding printing requirements.</p>
98. . ….are specific to users’ needs
<p>System software encompasses essential programs like operating systems and utilities that manage hardware and provide a platform for running applications. Development tools such as assemblers and compilers are crucial for translating code into machine-readable formats. In contrast, application software directly serves users' needs, offering tools for tasks like word processing, graphic design, and database management, enhancing productivity and functionality.</p>
99. What is the name of an application program that gathers user information and sends it to someone through the Internet?
<p>Spyware is malicious software designed to surreptitiously monitor and collect user data, such as browsing habits and passwords, and transmit it to unauthorized parties via the Internet. It poses serious risks like identity theft and fraud, necessitating robust security measures such as antivirus software and cautious online behavior to mitigate its impact.</p>
100. Which input device is commonly used to move the cursor on a computer screen?
<p>The mouse is an essential input device used to control the cursor on computer screens. Its ergonomic design and functionality allow users to navigate graphical user interfaces (GUIs) efficiently, select items, and perform tasks like dragging and dropping files. This enhances user interaction by providing precise control over on-screen elements, improving workflow in various software applications.</p>
101. What does URL stand for?
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<p>A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) serves as a standardized web address, specifying the protocol (like HTTP or HTTPS), domain name (such as www.example.com), path to specific resources (like /index.html), and optional parameters. It's crucial for accessing and linking web resources across the internet, facilitating efficient navigation and interaction with online content.</p>
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102. . Which programming language is often used for web development and design?
<p>HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is integral to web development, defining the structure and content of web pages through tags and elements. It forms the basis for creating accessible and interactive web content, complemented by CSS for styling and JavaScript for dynamic functionality, making it indispensable for building modern websites across various platforms.</p>
103. Which file extension is commonly associated with executable program files in Windows?
<p>The .exe file extension in Windows signifies executable program files that contain instructions directly executable by the operating system. Recognizing .exe files is vital for safely running applications and utilities on a computer. Users should exercise caution when handling .exe files from untrusted sources to mitigate potential security threats like viruses or malware.</p>
104. What is the most common tool used to restrict access to a computer system?
<p>Passwords serve as essential authentication tools, verifying user identity to restrict unauthorized access to computer systems. They enhance security by requiring a secret alphanumeric code known only to the user, ensuring that protected data and functionalities remain accessible only to those with authorized credentials. Proper password management is critical for effective security practices.</p>
105. Hardware or software designed to guard against unauthorized access to a computer network is known as a(n):
<p>A firewall is a security system that regulates and monitors network traffic, acting as a barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external networks like the internet. It enforces security policies to control data flow based on specified rules, thereby preventing unauthorized access and protecting against cyber threats such as hackers and malware. Understanding firewalls is crucial for robust network security.</p>
106. The scrambling of code is known as
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<p>Encryption involves transforming plaintext into ciphertext using an encryption algorithm and cryptographic key, ensuring data confidentiality and security. It's crucial in protecting sensitive information during transmission and storage. Understanding encryption principles is essential for implementing effective data security measures and complying with privacy regulations in digital environments.</p>
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107. ——Is defined as any crime completed through the use of computer technology
<p>Computer crime, or cybercrime, encompasses illegal activities facilitated through computer systems or networks, including hacking, phishing, malware attacks, and cyber theft. It's crucial for individuals and organizations to implement robust cybersecurity measures and understand the legal and technological aspects to prevent, detect, and mitigate the impact of these crimes in the digital era.</p>
108. Which of the following is not a storage medium?
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<p>A scanner is a device used to convert physical documents or images into digital format for computer processing or storage but does not retain data internally. Unlike hard disks, flash drives, and DVDs, which store digital information, scanners facilitate input to a computer system without serving as a storage medium themselves.</p>
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109. The computer abbreviation KB usually means
<p>In computing, "KB" stands for Kilo Byte, representing 1,024 bytes of digital data. It's commonly used to measure file sizes, storage capacities like hard drives, and data transfer rates. This standard unit helps quantify data in computing contexts, aiding in tasks such as memory allocation and understanding data transmission capabilities.</p>
110. The common name for the crime of stealing passwords is
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<p>Identity theft is the illegal acquisition and use of someone else's personal information, such as passwords, for fraudulent purposes. It involves methods like phishing and malware to gain access to sensitive data. Distinguished from hacking and spoofing, identity theft focuses on unauthorized use rather than direct system access, impacting victims' finances and reputation significantly.</p>
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111. . Which of the following is the smallest storage?
<p>Among the options provided (MB, GB, TB), the megabyte (MB) is indeed the smallest unit of digital storage. It represents 1,024 kilobytes (KB) or approximately 1 million bytes. This unit is commonly used to measure file sizes, software applications, and memory capacity in computing systems and digital devices. Understanding these units aids in managing digital data effectively.</p>
112. Which of the following contains permanent data and gets updated during the processing of transactions?
<p>A master file holds permanent records that serve as foundational data for an organization or system. It is updated during transaction processing to reflect changes and maintain data accuracy. Unlike transaction files, which store temporary transactional data, master files are designed to store and manage enduring business information crucial for ongoing operations and decision-making.</p>
113. Which of the following is not a web browser?
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<p>Microsoft Word stands out from Chrome, Firefox, and Safari as it's not a web browser but a robust word processing application for creating, editing, and formatting documents. Unlike browsers which are designed for internet navigation, Word is part of Microsoft Office suite, focusing on document management and productivity tasks on local devices rather than web-based activities.</p>
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114. To access properties of an object, the mouse technique to use is
<p>Right-clicking with a mouse on an object in graphical interfaces triggers a context menu where options like "Properties" allow users to view and adjust settings specific to that object. This technique simplifies access to detailed information and customization features without extensive navigation, enhancing user efficiency in managing digital content.</p>
115. What is the main purpose of an input device?
<p>Input devices enable users to input data and commands into a computer system from external sources like keyboards, mice, scanners, and microphones. They facilitate interaction by transferring information for processing and subsequent storage or output. This fundamental role supports user interaction, data entry, and command execution essential for computing tasks and applications.</p>
116. In a computer, most processing takes place in Memory RAM CPU
<p>In a computer system, the CPU (Central Processing Unit) acts as the core processing unit, executing instructions and performing calculations essential for data processing. While memory like RAM stores data for quick access, the CPU interprets instructions, performs computations in the ALU, and directs operations through its control unit, coordinating all components for efficient functionality.</p>
117. What does RAM stand for?
<p>RAM, or Random Access Memory, is essential in computing for its role in storing data and instructions that the CPU actively uses. It provides quick access compared to storage devices like hard drives, enabling efficient operation of software. RAM's volatile nature means it loses data when powered off, unlike non-volatile storage options.</p>
118. Keyboard Converts typed in character to ___________code
<p>ASCII, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is the character encoding standard used by keyboards and computers to convert typed characters into numerical codes. It assigns a unique numeric value to each character, facilitating their processing, display, and transmission across various computing systems and communication networks.</p>
119. Which of the following is not a type of computer software?
<p>Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system, including the CPU, memory, storage devices, and peripherals. It is distinct from software, which encompasses system software (like operating systems), application software (such as word processors), and utility software (tools for system management and maintenance). Hardware provides the tangible resources necessary for software to function.</p>
120. What is the main function of an expansion card in a computer?
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<p>Expansion cards in computers primarily serve to enhance hardware functionality by adding new capabilities or improving existing ones. They are circuit boards that can be inserted into motherboard slots to add features like enhanced graphics, improved audio, networking capabilities, or additional ports, thereby expanding the computer's overall functionality and versatility.</p>
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